Chemical synthesis: Difference between revisions
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In [[chemistry]], '''chemical synthesis''' is purposeful execution of [[chemical reaction]]s in order to get a [[product (chemistry)|product]], or several products. This happens by [[physics|physical]] and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern [[laboratory]] usage, this tends to imply that the process is reproducible, reliable, and established to work in multiple laboratories. |
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A chemical synthesis begins by selection of [[chemical compound|compounds]] that are known as [[reagent]]s or [[reactant]]s. [[List of reactions|Various reaction types]] can be applied to these to synthesize the product, or an intermediate product. This requires mixing the reagents in a reaction vessel such as a [[chemical reactor]] or a simple [[round-bottom flask]]. Many reactions require some form of [[work-up]] procedure before the final product is isolated <ref name=vogel>Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J. and P.W.G. Smith. ''Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition''. Prentice Hall, 1996. ISBN 0582462363.</ref>. The amount of product in a chemical synthesis is the [[Yield (chemistry)|reaction yield]]. Typically, [[chemical yield]]s are expressed as a weight in [[gram]]s or as a percentage of the total theoretical quantity of product that could be produced. A '''side reaction''' is an unwanted chemical reaction taking place that diminishes the yield of the desired product. |
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The word ''synthesis'' in the present day meaning was first used by the chemist [[Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe]]. |
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==Strategies== |
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Many strategies exist in chemical synthesis that go beyond converting [[reactant]] A to reaction product B. In [[cascade reaction]]s multiple chemical transformations take place within a single reactant, in [[multi-component reaction]]s up to 11 different reactants form a single reaction product and in a [[telescopic synthesis]] one reactant goes through multiple transformations without isolation of intermediates. |
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==Organic synthesis== |
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{{main|Organic synthesis}} |
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[[Organic synthesis]] is a special branch of chemical synthesis dealing with the synthesis of [[organic compound]]s. |
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In the [[total synthesis]] of a complex product it may take multiple steps to synthesize the product of interest, and inordinate amounts of time. Skill in [[organic synthesis]] is prized among chemists and the synthesis of exceptionally valuable or difficult compounds has won chemists such as [[Robert Burns Woodward]] the [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]]. If a chemical synthesis starts from basic laboratory compounds and yields something new, it is a purely [[Synthesis|synthetic]] process. If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then proceeds to a new compounds, the synthesis is described as a [[semisynthetic]] process. |
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==Other meanings== |
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The other meaning of '''chemical synthesis''' is narrow and restricted to a specific kind of chemical reaction, a ''direct [[combination reaction]]'', in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product. The general form of a direct combination reaction is: |
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:A + B → AB |
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where A and B are [[chemical element|element]]s or [[chemical compound|compound]]s, and AB is a compound consisting of A and B. Examples of combination reactions include: |
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:2[[sodium|Na]] + [[chloride|Cl]]<sub>2</sub> → 2 [[sodium chloride|NaCl]] (formation of table salt) |
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:[[sulfur|S]] + [[oxygen|O<sub>2</sub>]] → [[sulfur dioxide|SO<sub>2</sub>]] (formation of sulfur dioxide) |
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:4 [[iron|Fe]] + 3 [[oxygen|O<sub>2</sub>]] → 2 [[iron (III) oxide|Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] (iron rusting) |
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:[[carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] + [[water|H<sub>2</sub>O]] → [[carbonic acid|H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>]] ([[carbon dioxide]] dissolving and reacting with [[water]] to form [[carbonic acid]]) |
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4 special synthesis rules: |
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:metal-oxide + H<sub>2</sub>O → metal(OH) |
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:non-metal-oxide + H<sub>2</sub>O → oxi-acid |
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:metal-chloride + O<sub>2</sub> → metal-chlorate |
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:metal-oxide + CO<sub>2</sub> → metal(CO<sub>3</sub>) |
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== See also == |
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* [[Chemical engineering]] |
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* [[Organic synthesis]] |
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* [[Total synthesis]] |
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* [[Peptide synthesis]] |
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* [[Methods in Organic Synthesis]] |
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* [[Category:Drug discovery]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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[[Category:Chemical synthesis| ]] |
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[[ar:تخليق كيميائي]] |
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[[ca:Síntesi química]] |
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[[cs:Chemická syntéza]] |
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[[de:Synthese (Chemie)]] |
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[[es:Síntesis química]] |
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[[fr:Synthèse chimique]] |
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[[gl:Síntese]] |
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[[it:Sintesi chimica]] |
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[[he:סינתזה (כימיה)]] |
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[[nl:Synthese (scheikunde)]] |
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[[ja:化学合成]] |
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[[no:Syntetisk stoff]] |
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[[fi:Kemiallinen synteesi]] |
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[[zh:化学合成]] |
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