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</ref> and the erosion of the customs, traditions and language of non-Pashtun peoples due to the political and cultural power of the Pashtuns in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>Lansford, Tom (2003) ''A Bitter Harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan'' Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England, ISBN 0-7546-3615-1, page 16: ''"The modern history of Afghanistan has witnessed a "Pashtunization" of the state as the customs, traditions and language of the Pashtuns have combined with the groups political power to erode the distinctive underpinnings of Afghanistan's other groups.<sup><small>FN20</small></sup>"''. FN20 cites: US, Department of the Army, ''Afghanistan: A Country Study'', 5th ed. reprint (Washington, DC.: GPO, 1985) page 108.</ref> Pashtunization began as early as the 18th century under [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]],<ref name="Meri"/> although some<ref>O. Roy, ''Ethnic Identity and Political Expression in Northern Afghanistan'', in ''Muslims in Central Asia: Expressions of Identity and Change'', 1992, ISBN 0-8223-1190-9. </ref> cite the reign of [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] (in [[19th century]]), and has continued up to today. Modern attempts of Pashtunization have been made by the [[Taliban]]<ref>{{cite book |author=United States, Committee on International Relations, Congress, House |title=United States Policy in Afghanistan: Current Issues in Reconstruction |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC |format= |accessdate= |accessyear= |year=2003 |month= |publisher=For sale by the Supt. of |
</ref> and the erosion of the customs, traditions and language of non-Pashtun peoples due to the political and cultural power of the Pashtuns in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>Lansford, Tom (2003) ''A Bitter Harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan'' Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England, ISBN 0-7546-3615-1, page 16: ''"The modern history of Afghanistan has witnessed a "Pashtunization" of the state as the customs, traditions and language of the Pashtuns have combined with the groups political power to erode the distinctive underpinnings of Afghanistan's other groups.<sup><small>FN20</small></sup>"''. FN20 cites: US, Department of the Army, ''Afghanistan: A Country Study'', 5th ed. reprint (Washington, DC.: GPO, 1985) page 108.</ref> Pashtunization began as early as the 18th century under [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]],<ref name="Meri"/> although some<ref>O. Roy, ''Ethnic Identity and Political Expression in Northern Afghanistan'', in ''Muslims in Central Asia: Expressions of Identity and Change'', 1992, ISBN 0-8223-1190-9. </ref> cite the reign of [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] (in [[19th century]]), and has continued up to today. Modern attempts of Pashtunization have been made by the [[Taliban]]<ref>{{cite book |author=United States, Committee on International Relations, Congress, House |title=United States Policy in Afghanistan: Current Issues in Reconstruction |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC |format= |accessdate= |accessyear= |year=2003 |month= |publisher=For sale by the Supt. of |
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Docs., U.S. G.P.O. |location=United States |quote=''Communities resisting 'Pashtunization' were 'infidels', their leaders 'warlords' |
Docs., U.S. G.P.O. |location=United States |quote=''Communities resisting 'Pashtunization' were 'infidels', their leaders 'warlords' |
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or worse. While the Taliban enjoyed enormous public support in their ... ''}}</ref> and politicians in Afghanistan's government, most recently [[Karim Khoram]]. |
or worse. ''While the Taliban enjoyed enormous public support in their ... ''}}</ref> and politicians in Afghanistan's government, most recently [[Karim Khoram]]. |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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Revision as of 23:38, 21 February 2008
Pashtunization is the process of settling Pashtuns in other people's lands[1] and the erosion of the customs, traditions and language of non-Pashtun peoples due to the political and cultural power of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan.[2] Pashtunization began as early as the 18th century under Ahmad Shah Durrani,[1] although some[3] cite the reign of Abdur Rahman Khan (in 19th century), and has continued up to today. Modern attempts of Pashtunization have been made by the Taliban[4] and politicians in Afghanistan's government, most recently Karim Khoram.
Notes
- ^ a b Meri, Josef W. (2006). "Sedentarism". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 713. ISBN 0-415-96691-4.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|accessmonth=,|month=,|chapterurl=, and|accessyear=(help) in refrence to the Duranni Empire citing Grötzbach, Erwin (1990) Afghanistan: eine geographische Landeskunde Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, ISBN 3-534-06886-6 - ^ Lansford, Tom (2003) A Bitter Harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England, ISBN 0-7546-3615-1, page 16: "The modern history of Afghanistan has witnessed a "Pashtunization" of the state as the customs, traditions and language of the Pashtuns have combined with the groups political power to erode the distinctive underpinnings of Afghanistan's other groups.FN20". FN20 cites: US, Department of the Army, Afghanistan: A Country Study, 5th ed. reprint (Washington, DC.: GPO, 1985) page 108.
- ^ O. Roy, Ethnic Identity and Political Expression in Northern Afghanistan, in Muslims in Central Asia: Expressions of Identity and Change, 1992, ISBN 0-8223-1190-9.
- ^ United States, Committee on International Relations, Congress, House (2003). United States Policy in Afghanistan: Current Issues in Reconstruction. United States: For sale by the Supt. of
Docs., U.S. G.P.O.
Communities resisting 'Pashtunization' were 'infidels', their leaders 'warlords' or worse. While the Taliban enjoyed enormous public support in their ...
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|accessyear=and|month=(help); line feed character in|publisher=at position 25 (help); line feed character in|quote=at position 83 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)