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{{redirect4|Panda|Panda Bear}}
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{{for|the Red Panda|Red Panda}}
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{{Taxobox
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| name = Giant Panda
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| status = EN
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| trend = unknown
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| status_system = iucn3.1
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| image = Giant_Panda_Washington_DC.JPG
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| image_width = 200px
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| image_caption = Panda at [[Smithsonian National Zoological Park|National Zoo]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
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| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
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| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
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| familia = [[bear|Ursidae]]
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| genus = ''[[Ailuropoda]]''
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| species = '''''A. melanoleuca'''''
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| binomial = ''Ailuropoda melanoleuca''
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| binomial_authority = ([[Armand David|David]], 1869)
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| range_map = Mapa distribuicao Ailuropoda melanoleuca.png
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| range_map_width = 250px
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| range_map_caption = Giant Panda range
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]]
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| subdivision =
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*''[[#Subspecies|A. melanoleuca melanoleuca]]''
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*''[[Qinling Panda|A. melanoleuca qinlingensis]]''
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}}
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The '''Giant Panda''' (''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'', "black-and-white cat-foot") is a [[mammal]] classified in the [[bear]] family ('''Ursidae'''), native to central-western and southwestern [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/our_solutions/endangered_species/giant_panda/index.cfm|title=Global Species Programme – Giant panda|publisher = World Wildlife Fund|date=2007-11-14|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> The panda was previously thought to be a member of the [[Procyonidae]] ([[raccoon]]s and their relatives).<ref name="Funk">{{cite book| title = Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia Vol 20| edition = Hardcover| last = Bram| first = Leon| coauthors = | year = 1986| publisher = Funk & Wagnalls Inc| id = ISBN 0-8343-0072-9| pages = p. 119}}</ref> It is easily recognized by its large, distinctive black patches around the eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. Though belonging to the order [[Carnivora]], the panda has a diet which is 99% [[bamboo]]. Pandas may eat other foods such as [[honey]], [[egg (food)|eggs]], [[fish]], [[yam (vegetable)|yams]], [[shrub|shrub leaves]], [[orange (fruit)|oranges]], and [[banana]]s when available.
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Giant Pandas live in a few [[mountain]] ranges in central [[China]], in [[Sichuan]], [[Shaanxi]], and [[Gansu]] provinces. They once lived in lowland areas, but [[agriculture|farming]], [[Deforestation|forest clearing]], and other development now restrict giant pandas to the mountains.
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The Giant Panda is an [[endangered species]] and highly threatened. According to the latest report,<ref name="Xinhua1">{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-11/08/content_7034856.htm |title=Number of pandas successfully bred in China down from last year|work=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]]|date=2007-11-08|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> China has 239 giant pandas in captivity and another 27 pandas living outside the country. It also estimated that around 1,590 pandas are currently living in the wild.<ref name="Xinhua1" /> However, a 2006 study, via [[genetic fingerprinting|DNA analysis]], estimated that there might be as many as 2,000 to 3,000 pandas in the wild.<ref name="BBC_06-07">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5085006.stm |title=Hope for future of giant panda|work=BBC News|date=2006-06-20|accessdate=2007-02-14}}</ref> Though reports show that the numbers of wild pandas are on the rise,<ref>[http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=topNews&storyID=2006-08-08T130946Z_01_PEK19201_RTRUKOC_0_US-CHINA-PANDA.xml&pageNumber=0&imageid=&cap=&sz=13&WTModLoc=NewsArt-C1-ArticlePage2 Giant panda gives birth to giant cub]</ref><ref name="pandasinc">{{cite news |first=Lynne |last=Warren |title=Pandas, Inc. |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0607/feature1/?fs=animals-panther.nationalgeographic.com |publisher=[[National Geographic Magazine| National Geographic]] |date=[[July 2006|2006-07]] |accessdate=2008-04-10 }}</ref> the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] believes there is not enough certainty to remove pandas from the endangered animal list.<ref>{{cite news|title=Concern grows for smallest bear|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7087345.stm |work = BBC News|date= 2007-11-12|accessdate = 2008-07-22}}</ref>
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While the [[Chinese dragon|dragon]] has historically served as [[China]]'s [[national emblem]], in recent decades the Giant Panda has also served as an emblem for the [[country]]. Its image appears on a large number of modern Chinese commemorative [[silver]], [[gold]], and [[platinum]] [[coin]]s. The species is a favorite of the public, at least in part because many people find that it has a [[infant|baby]]-like [[cuteness]]. Also, it is usually depicted reclining peacefully eating [[bamboo]], as opposed to hunting, which adds to its image of innocence. Though giant pandas are often assumed docile, they have been known to attack humans, presumably out of irritation rather than predatory behavior.
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==Appearances==
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[[Image:Chengdu-pandas-d18.jpg|thumb|left|A Giant Panda cub, whose weight is approximately 150 grams. At birth, the Giant Panda is only about the size of a stick of butter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-giant_panda.html|title=Animal Bytes: Giant Panda|publisher = San Francisco Zoo|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref>]]
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The Giant Panda has a black-and-white coat. Adults measure around 1.5 m long and around 75 cm tall, at the [[shoulder]]. Males are 10-20% larger than females.<ref name="Bearalmanac">{{cite book |author=Brown, Gary |title=Great Bear Almanac |year=1996 |pages = pp.340 |id=ISBN 1558214747}}</ref> Males can weigh up to 115 kg (253 pounds). Females are generally smaller than males, and can occasionally weigh up to 100 kg (220 pounds). Giant Pandas live in [[mountain]]ous regions, such as [[Sichuan]], [[Gansu]], [[Shaanxi]], and [[Tibet]].
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The giant panda, a black-and-white bear, has a body typical of [[bear]]s. It has black fur on ears, eye patches, muzzle, legs, and shoulders. The rest of the animal's coat is white. Although scientists do not know why these unusual bears are black and white, some speculate that the bold coloring provides effective camouflage into their shade-dappled snowy and rocky surroundings. The panda's thick, wooly coat keeps it warm in the cool forests of its habitat. Giant pandas have large molar teeth and strong jaw muscles for crushing tough bamboo. Many people find these chunky, lumbering animals to be cute, but giant pandas can be as dangerous as any other bear.
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The Giant Panda has a [[paw]], with [[Sesamoid bone#Panda anatomy|a "thumb" and five fingers]]; the "thumb" is actually a modified [[sesamoid bone]], which helps the panda to hold bamboo while eating. [[Stephen Jay Gould]] used this example in his book of essays concerned with [[evolution]] and [[biology]], ''[[The Panda's Thumb (book)|The Panda's Thumb]].''
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The Giant Panda has the second longest tail in the bear family, with one that is 4-6 inches long. The longest belongs to the [[Sloth Bear]].<ref name="Bearalmanac">{{cite book | author = Brown, Gary | title = Great Bear Almanac | year = 1996 | pages = pp.340 | id = ISBN 1558214747}}</ref>
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Giant Pandas can usually live to be 20-30 years old in [[captivity (animal)|captivity]].
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==Behavior==
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In the wild, pandas are terrestrial animals and primarily spend their lives roaming and feeding in the bamboo forests of the Qinling Mountains and in the hilly Sichuan Province.<ref name="WWF">{{cite web|
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url=http://www.wwfchina.org/english/pandacentral/htm/learn_about_giant_panda/panda_q_a/panda_behavior_habitat.htm
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|title=Panda behavior & habitat |publisher=World Wildlife Federation China|accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> Though generally alone, each adult has a defined territory and females are not tolerant of other females in their range. Pandas communicate through vocalization and scent marking such as clawing trees or spraying urine.<ref name="WWF">{{cite web|url=http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/about_species/species_factsheets/giant_panda/gpanda_ecology_habitat/index.cfm|publisher=World Wildlife Federation US|accessdate=2008-06-17|title=Giant panda - Ecology & Habitat}}</ref> They are able to climb and take shelter in hollow trees or rock crevices but do not establish permanent dens. As such pandas do not [[Hibernation|hibernate]], which is similar to other subtropical mammals, and will instead move to elevations with warmer temperatures.<ref name="AnimalInfo">{{cite web|url=http://www.animalinfo.org/species/carnivor/ailumela.htm|title=Animal Info - Giant Panda|publisher=Animal Info|author=Paul Massicot|date=[[February 13]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2008-06-17}}</ref> Pandas rely primarily on [[spatial memory]] rather than [[visual memory]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/jan04/pandas.html|title=Understanding the giant panda| author= DEBORAH SMITH BAILEY|date=Volume 35, No. [[January 1]], [[2004]] |publisher=American Psychological Association }}</ref>
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Social encounters primarily occur during the brief breeding season in which pandas in proximity to one another will gather.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/GiantPandas/PandaFacts/default.cfm|title=Giant Panda|publisher=Smithsonian National Zoo|accessdate=2008-07-17}}</ref> After mating, the male leaves the female and the mother is alone to raise the cub.
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===Diet===
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[[Image:Pandas eating bamboo Washington Zoo.JPG|right|thumb|Pandas eating bamboo at the [[Smithsonian National Zoological Park|National Zoo]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
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Despite its [[alpha taxonomy|taxonomic]] classification as a [[Carnivora|carnivore]], the panda has a [[diet (nutrition)|diet]] that is primarily [[herbivory|herbivorous]], which consists almost exclusively of [[bamboo]]. However, pandas still have the digestive system of a carnivore and do not have the ability to digest [[cellulose]] efficiently, and thus derive little energy and little protein from consumption of bamboo. The average Giant Panda eats as much as 9 to 14 kg (20 to 30 pounds) of bamboo shoots a day. Because pandas consume a diet low in nutrition, it is important that they keep their digestive tract full. The limited energy input imposed on them by their diet has affected the panda's behavior. Panda's tend to limit their social interactions and avoid steeply sloping terrain in order to limit their energy expenditures.<ref name = Johnson>{{Citation |last1 = Ciochon |first1 = Russell L.|last2 = Eaves-Johnson|first2 = K. Lindsay|date = [[July 20]], [[2007]]|title = Bamboozled! The Curious Natural History of the Giant Panda Family|url = http://scitizen.com/screens/blogPage/viewBlog/sw_viewBlog.php?idTheme=27&idContribution=855|accessdate = 2008-07-22|periodical = Scitizen|authorlink=Russell Ciochon}}</ref>
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Two of the panda's most distinctive features, its large size and its round face, are [[adaptation]]s to its bamboo diet. Panda researcher [[Russell Ciochon]] observed that: “[m]uch like the vegetarian [[gorilla]], the low body surface area to body volume [of the giant panda] is indicative of a lower metabolic rate. This lower metabolic rate and a more sedentary lifestyle allow the giant panda to subsist on nutrient poor resources such as bamboo.”<ref name = Johnson/> Similarly, the panda's round face is the result of powerful jaw muscles, which attach from the top of the head to the jaw.<ref name = Johnson/> Large molars crush and grind fibrous plant material.
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[[Image:Chengdu-oso-panda-comiendo-v01-mpg.ogg|thumb|left|250px|Panda eating bamboo]]
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<!-- give reliable sources for any claims to avoid [[WP:OR]] and [[WP:SYN]] -->The panda has pushed its habitat to a higher altitude and limited available space.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} The timber profit gained from harvesting bamboo has destroyed a significant portion of the food supply for the wild panda. The population of wild pandas decreased by 50 percent from 1973 to 1984.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
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Twenty-five species of bamboo are eaten by pandas in the wild, such as ''[[Fargesia dracocephala]]''<ref name=chinaflora>{{Citation| last =Li| first =De-Zhu; Guo, Zhenhua; Stapleton, Chris | contribution =Fargesia dracocephala | year =2007| title =Flora of China| editor-last =Wu| editor-first =Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y.| volume =22| pages =93| place=Beijing| publisher =Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press| contribution-url =http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200025413| accessdate =[[2007-10-06]]}}</ref> and ''[[Fargesia rufa]]''.<ref name=chinaflora2>{{Citation| last =Li| first =De-Zhu; Guo, Zhenhua; Stapleton, Chris | contribution =Fargesia rufa | year =2007| title =Flora of China| editor-last =Wu| editor-first =Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y.| volume =22| pages =81| place=Beijing| publisher =Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press| contribution-url =http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200025444| accessdate =[[2007-10-06]]}}</ref> Only a few bamboo species are widespread at the high altitudes pandas now inhabit. Bamboo leaves contain the highest protein levels; stems have less.
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Because of the synchronous flowering, death, and regeneration of all bamboo within a species, pandas must have at least two different species available in their range to avoid starvation. While primarily herbivorous, the panda still retains decidedly ursine teeth, and will eat meat, fish, and eggs when available. In captivity, zoos typically maintain the pandas' bamboo diet, though some will provide specially formulated biscuits or other dietary supplements.
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==Classification==
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For many decades the precise taxonomic classification of the panda was under debate as both the giant panda and the distantly related [[Red Panda]] share characteristics of both bears and [[raccoon]]s. However, [[genetics#molecular|molecular studies]] suggest that giant pandas are true bears and part of the [[bear|Ursidae]] family,<ref>O'Brien, Nash, Wildt, Bush & Benveniste, [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v317/n6033/abs/317140a0.html A molecular solution to the riddle of the giant panda's phylogeny],
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''Nature'' 317, 140 - 144 ([[12 September]] [[1985]])</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Lindburg, Donald G.; Baragona, Karen|title=Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation |publisher=University of California Press|location=|year=2004|pages=|isbn=0520238672|oclc= |doi=}}</ref> though they differentiated early in history from the main ursine stock. The giant panda's closest ursine relative is the [[Spectacled Bear]] of [[South America]]. Disagreement still remains about whether or not the red panda belongs in Ursidae, the [[raccoon]] family [[Procyonidae]], or in its own family, [[Ailuridae]]. The giant panda has been referred to as a [[living fossil]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/btn/stories/s1947589.htm|title=Behind the News - Panda Granny|date=2007-06-12|accessdate=2008-07-22|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref>
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The [[Red Panda]] and the giant panda, although completely different in appearance, share several features. They both live in the same habitat, they both live on a similar bamboo diet, and they both share a unique enlarged bone called the ''pseudo thumb,'' which allows them to grip the bamboo shoots they eat.
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===Subspecies===
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[[Image:Panda1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Hua Mei (giant panda)|Hua Mei]], the baby panda born at the [[San Diego Zoo]] in 1999]]
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Two subspecies of giant panda have been recognized on the basis of distinct cranial measurements, color patterns, and [[population genetics]] (Wan et al., 2005).
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* '''''Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca''''' consists of most extant populations of panda. These animals are principally found in [[Sichuan]] and display the typical stark black and white contrasting colors.
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* [[Qinling Panda]], '''''Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis''''' is restricted to the [[Qinling Mountains]] in [[Shaanxi]] at elevations of 1300–3000&nbsp;m. The typical black and white pattern of Sichuan Pandas is replaced with a dark brown versus light brown pattern. The skull of ''A. m. qinlingensis'' is smaller than its relatives, and it has larger molars.
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== Uses and human interaction ==
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Unlike many other animals in [[history of China|Ancient China]], pandas were rarely thought to have medical uses. In the past, pandas were thought to be rare and noble creatures; the mother of [[Emperor Wen of Han]] was buried with a panda skull in her vault. [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] is said to have given [[Japan]] two pandas and a sheet of panda skin as a sign of goodwill.
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The giant panda was first made known to the West in 1869 by the [[France|French]] [[missionary]] [[Armand David]], who received a skin from a hunter on [[March 11]], [[1869]]. The first westerner known to have seen a living giant panda is the German zoologist Hugo Weigold, who purchased a cub in 1916. [[Kermit Roosevelt|Kermit]] and [[Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.]], became the first foreigners to shoot a panda, on an expedition funded by the [[Field Museum of Natural History]] in the 1920s. In 1936, [[Ruth Harkness]] became the first Westerner to bring back a live giant panda, a cub named [[Su-Lin]]<ref>{{cite web| first=DA | Last=Watson | title=The Panda Lady: Ruth Harkness (Part 1) |url=http://femexplorers.com/full_article.php?article_id=17 | publisher=Female explorers|accessdate=2007-02-01}}</ref> who went to live at the [[Brookfield Zoo]] in [[Chicago]]. These activities were halted in 1937 because of wars; for the next half of the century, the West knew little of pandas.
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[[Image:Lightmatter panda.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Gao Gao]], an adult male giant panda at San Diego Zoo]]
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===Panda diplomacy===
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{{main|Panda diplomacy}}
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Loans of giant pandas to [[United States|American]] and [[Japan]]ese zoos formed an important part of the [[diplomacy]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] in the 1970s, as it marked some of the first cultural exchanges between the People's Republic and the West. This practice has been termed "[[Panda diplomacy|Panda Diplomacy]]".
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By the year 1984, however, pandas were no longer used as agents of diplomacy. Instead, China began to offer pandas to other nations only on 10-year loans. The standard loan terms include a fee of up to [[United States dollar|US$]] 1,000,000 per year and a provision that any cubs born during the loan are the property of the People's Republic of China. Since 1998, due to a [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] [[lawsuit]], the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] only allows a U.S. [[zoo]] to import a panda if the zoo can ensure that China will channel more than half of its loan fee into [[conservation movement|conservation]] efforts for wild pandas and their habitat.
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In May 2005, the People's Republic of China offered Taiwan ([[Republic of China]]) two pandas as a gift. This proposed gift was met by polarized opinions from Taiwan due to complications stemming from [[Cross-Strait relations]]. As of November 2007, Taiwan has not accepted the offer.<ref> [http://www.newsweek.com/id/45901/output/print China's Panda Politics]. [[Newsweek]]. [[October 15]], [[2007]]. Retrieved May 23, 2008.</ref>
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== Conservation ==
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Giant pandas are an [[endangered species]], threatened by continued [[habitat destruction|habitat loss]] and by a very low birthrate, both in the wild and in [[captivity (animal)|captivity]].
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Pandas have been a target for poaching by locals since ancient times, and by foreigners since they were introduced to the West. Starting in the 1930s, foreigners were unable to poach pandas in China because of the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and the [[Chinese Civil War]], but pandas remained a source of soft furs for the locals. The population boom in China after 1949 created stress on the pandas' habitat, and the subsequent famines led to the increased hunting of wildlife, including pandas. During the [[Cultural Revolution]], all studies and conservation activities on the pandas were stopped. After the [[economic reform in the People's Republic of China|Chinese economic reform]], demand for panda skins from [[Hong Kong]] and Japan led to illegal poaching for the [[underground economy|black market]], acts generally ignored by the local officials at the time.
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[[Image:Panda Cub from Wolong, Sichuan, China.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Close up of a baby 7-month old panda cub in the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan, China.]]
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Though the [[Wolong National Nature Reserve]] was set up by the PRC government in 1958 to save the declining panda population, few advances in the conservation of pandas were made, due to inexperience and insufficient knowledge of ecology. Many believed that the best way to save the pandas was to cage them. As a result, pandas were caged at any sign of decline, and suffered from terrible conditions. Because of pollution and destruction of their natural habitat, along with segregation due to caging, reproduction of wild pandas was severely limited. In the 1990s, however, several laws (including gun control and the removal of resident humans from the reserves) helped the chances of survival for pandas. With these renewed efforts and improved conservation methods, wild pandas have started to increase in numbers in some areas, even though they still are classified as a [[rare species]].
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In 2006, scientists reported that the number of pandas living in the wild may have been underestimated at about 1,000. Previous population surveys had used conventional methods to estimate the size of the wild panda population, but using a new method that analyzes [[DNA]] from panda [[Feces|droppings]], scientists believe that the wild panda population may be as large as 3,000. Although the species is still endangered, it is thought that the conservation efforts are working. As of 2006, there were 40 panda reserves in China, compared to just 13 reserves two decades ago.<ref name="BBC_06-07" />
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The giant panda is among the world's most adored and protected rare animals, and is one of the few in the world whose natural inhabitant status was able to gain a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] designation. The [[Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries]], located in the southwest [[Sichuan]] province and covering 7 natural reserves, were inscribed onto the World Heritage List in 2006.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5174854.stm Pandas gain world heritage status] ''BBC News''</ref><ref>[http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/view.php?StoryID=20060718-072442-2033r Panda sanctuaries now World Heritage sites] ''United Press International''</ref>
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==Reproduction==
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{{Refimprovesect|date=February 2008}}
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[[Image:Chengdu panda breeding.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Panda Research and Breeding Centre in [[Chengdu]]]]
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Previously a problem to reproduction, pandas lose their interest in [[mating]] once in captivity. This has led some scientists to try extreme methods such as showing pandas [[Panda pornography|videos of mating pandas]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Narunart |last=Prapanya |title='Panda porn' to encourage mating |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/01/25/panda.passion/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |publisher=[[Time Warner]] |date= 2006-01-25 |accessdate=2008-04-13 }}</ref> and giving male pandas [[sildenafil|Viagra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pandas unexcited by Viagra |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/2246588.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |date= 2002-09-09 |accessdate=2008-04-13 }}</ref> The primary reproduction method had been [[artificial insemination]].<ref>{{cite news |title=National Zoo's Giant Panda Undergoes Artificial Insemination |url=http://www.nbc4.com/news/15643501/detail.html |work=[[NBC]] |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date= 2008-03-19 |accessdate=2008-04-13 }}</ref> Only recently have researchers begun to have success with captive breeding programs and have determined that pandas have comparable breeding to some populations of the [[American Black Bear]], a thriving bear family. The current reproductive rate is considered one young every two years.<ref name="WWF"/><ref name="pandasinc" />
'''THE EARTH IS A PANDA!!!'''

'''THE EARTH IS A PANDA!!!'''
Pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of 4 and 8, and may be reproductive until age 20.<ref>{{cite news |title=Giant Panda Reproduction |url=http://newsdesk.si.edu/kits/pandas/nzp_panda_reproduction.pdf |work=[[Smithsonian National Zoological Park]] |accessdate=2008-04-13 }}</ref> The mating season takes place between March and May, when a female goes into her [[estrous cycle]] which lasts for 2 or 3 days and only occurs once a year.<ref name=reproduction>{{cite web |url=http://www.4panda.com/panda/pandatips/reproduction.htm|title=Giant Panda Reproduction |accessdate=2008-04-14 |last=Kleiman |first=Devra G }}</ref> During this time, two to five males can compete for one female; the male with the highest rank gets the female. When mating, the female is in a crouching, head-down position as the male mounts her from behind. [[sexual intercourse|Copulation]] time is short, ranging from thirty seconds to five minutes, but the male may mount her repeatedly to ensure successful fertilization. The whole [[gestation]] period ranges from 95 to 160 days.<ref name=reproduction/> Baby pandas weigh only 90 to 130 grams (3.2 to 4.6 ounces), which is about 1/900 of the mother’s weight. Usually, the female panda gives birth to one or two panda cubs. Since baby pandas are born very small and helpless, they need the mother’s undivided attention, so she is able to care for only one of her cubs. She usually abandons one of her cubs, and it dies soon after birth. At this time, scientists do not know how the female chooses which cub to raise, and this is a topic of ongoing research. The father has no part in helping raise the cub.
'''THE EARTH IS A PANDA!!!'''

'''THE EARTH IS A PANDA!!!'''
When the cub is first born, it is pink, furless, and blind. It nurses from its mother's breast 6 to 14 times a day for up to 30 minutes at a time. For three to four hours, the mother may leave the den to feed, which leaves the panda cub defenseless. One to two weeks after birth, the cub's skin turns gray where its hair will eventually become black. A slight pink color may appear on the panda's fur, as a result of a [[chemical reaction]] between the fur and its mother's [[saliva]]. A month after birth, the color pattern of the cub’s fur is fully developed. A cub's fur is very soft and coarsens with age. The cub begins to crawl at 75 to 90 days; mothers play with their cubs by rolling and wrestling with them. The cubs are able to eat small quantities of bamboo after six months, though mother's milk remains the primary food source for most of the first year. Giant panda cubs weigh 45 kg (99.2 pounds) at one year, and live with their mothers until they are 18 months to two years old. The interval between births in the wild is generally two years.
'''THE EARTH IS A PANDA!!!'''

'''THE EARTH IS A PANDA!!!'''
==Name==
'''THE EARTH IS A PANDA!!!'''
There is no conclusive source for the origin of the Anglicized name, "panda." The closest candidate that has been accepted as the source originates in the [[Nepali language|Nepali]] word ''ponya,'' possibly referring to the adapted wrist bone. The [[Western world]] originally applied this name to the [[Red Panda]]. Until the discovery of the giant panda's relation to the Red Panda in 1901, the giant panda was known as "mottled bear" (''Ailuropus melanoleucus'') or "particolored bear."<ref name="Name">{{cite web|url=http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/GiantPandas/WhatsInAName/default.cfm|author=Alex Hawes and Matthew Huy|title=Whats in a Name? Giant Panda |publisher=Smithsonian National Zoo|date=2001}}</ref>
'''THE EARTH IS A PANDA!!!'''

'''THE EARTH IS A PANDA!!!'''
Since the earliest collection of Chinese writings, the [[Chinese language]] has given the bear 20 different names of which the ones in use today are, 大熊貓 (dà xióng māo), literally "large bear cat," or just 熊貓 (xióng māo), "bear cat." The name may have been inspired by the giant pandas' eyes which have pupils that are cat-like vertical slits than other [[Bear|bear species]] with round pupils.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/facts-on-pandas.html|title=Facts on Pandas|publisher=Buzzle.com|author=Rita Putatunda|date=2008-02-15}}</ref> Just as likely, the [[Red Panda]]'s name was transferred to its larger cousin and labeled in texts as "large bear cat."{{Fact|2008|date=June 2008}}
'''THE EARTH IS A PANDA!!!'''

Colloquially, locals from different provinces use the previously more physiologically accurate names such as 花熊 (hua xiong) "spotted bear" and 竹熊 (zhu xiong) "bamboo bear." In [[Taiwan]], the modern name for panda is 貓熊 (māo xióng) "cat bear," where cat is the adjective and bear is the noun. Since this is grammatically correct, there is currently no effort to reverse the characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://huayuqiao.org/articles/yaodehuai/yaodh08.htm|title=Discussion about the Chinese name for giant panda (in Chinese)}}</ref>

==Pandas in zoos==
A 2006 ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' article [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/12/national/12panda.html] outlined the economics of keeping pandas, which costs five times more than that of the next most expensive animal, an [[elephant]]. American zoos generally pay the Chinese government $2 million a year in fees, as part of a typical ten-year contract. [[San Diego, California|San Diego]]'s contract with China is the first to expire, in 2008. The last contract, in [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], ends in 2013.
[[Image:Atlanta Zoo Panda.jpg|right|thumb|One of three Giant Pandas at the Atlanta Zoo.]]
{{seealso|Category:Famous giant pandas}}
===North America===
As of 2007, five major North American [[zoo]]s have giant pandas:
* [[San Diego Zoo]], [[San Diego, California]] - home of [[Bai Yun]] (F), [[Gao Gao]] (M), [[Su Lin]] (F), and a female cub, [[Zhen Zhen]], born in August 2007.
* US [[Smithsonian National Zoological Park|National Zoo]], [[Washington, D.C.]] - home of [[Mei Xiang]] (F), [[Tian Tian]] (M), and a male cub named [[Tai Shan (panda)|Tai Shan]]
* [[Zoo Atlanta]], [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] - home of [[Lun Lun]] (F), [[Yang Yang (panda)|Yang Yang]] (M), and a female cub named [[Mei Lan]] (F)
* [[Memphis Zoo]], [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]] - home of Ya Ya (F) and Le Le (M)
* [[Chapultepec Zoo]], [[Mexico City]] - home of Shuan Shuan, [[Xin Xin (panda)|Xin Xin]], and Xi Hua, all females
{{clear}}
[[Image:Giant Panda Tai Shan.JPG|thumb|right|'''Tai Shan''' in June 2007]]
====Notable North American-born pandas====
*[[Hua Mei (giant panda)|Hua Mei]], born 1999 in the [[San Diego Zoo]], returned to China 2004.
*[[Mei Sheng]], born 2003 in the San Diego Zoo, returned to China 2007.
*[[Tai Shan (panda)|Tai Shan]], born [[July 9]], [[2005]] at the National Zoo in Washington.<ref>Lumpkin & Seidensticker 114</ref>
*[[Su Lin]], born [[August 2]], [[2005]] at the San Diego Zoo.
*[[Mei Lan]], born [[September 6]], [[2006]] at Zoo Atlanta.
*[[Zhen Zhen]], born [[August 3]], [[2007]] at the San Diego Zoo.<ref>[http://www.sandiegozoo.org/news/panda_news.html San Diego Zoo Panda News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

{{clear}}
[[Image:Giant panda at Vienna Zoo (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Giant panda in [[Vienna]]’s zoo [[Tiergarten Schönbrunn]]]]
===Europe===
* [[Berlin Zoological Garden|Zoologischer Garten Berlin]], [[Berlin]], [[Germany]] &mdash; home of Bao Bao, age 27, the oldest male panda living in captivity; he has been in Berlin for 25 years and has never reproduced.
* [[Tiergarten Schönbrunn]], [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] &mdash; home to Yang Yang (F) and Long Hui (M), born in Wolong, China in 2000, and their new cub, Fu Long (M), born on [[August 23]], [[2007]] at the zoo.<ref>{{cite news |last=Oleksyn |first=Veronika |title=Panda gives surprise birth in Austria |publisher=[[Associated Press|AP]] via [[Yahoo! News]] |date=2007-08-23 | url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070823/ap_on_re_eu/austria_panda_birth;_ylt=AlL3xT8wyJr1.OzERBuxLYR0bBAF |accessdate=2007-08-24}}</ref> The cub was the first to be born in Europe in 25 years.
* Zoo Aquarium, Madrid, Spain &ndash; home of Bing Xing (M) and Hua Zuiba (F). Arrived in Madrid on [[September 8]], [[2007]].
* The [[Edinburgh Zoo]] is currently in negotiations with the Wolong Nature Preserve to obtain two Giant Pandas.

===Asia===
*Adventure World, [[Shirahama, Wakayama|Shirahama]], [[Wakayama Prefecture|Wakayama]] - Ei Mei (M), Mei Mei (F), Rau Hin (F), Ryu Hin and Syu Hin (male twins), and Kou Hin (M). In December 2006, twin cubs were born to Ei Mei and Mei Mei.
*[[Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding]], [[Chengdu]], [[Sichuan]], [[China]] - Home to a number of captive giant pandas, including 2 year old Xiong Bang (M), who just arrived from Japan.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-06/21/content_341269.htm] Japan-born cub returns to ancestral home</ref> Twelve cubs were born here in 2006.<ref name=CubBirths>[http://www.china.org.cn/english/news/194895.htm Panda news from China.org.cn]</ref>
*China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda at the [[Wolong National Nature Reserve]], Sichuan, China - Seventeen cubs were born here in 2006.<ref name=CubBirths />
*Chiang Mai Zoo, [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] - home to Chuang Chuang (M) and Lin Hui (F).
*[[Ocean Park Hong Kong|Ocean Park]], [[Hong Kong]] - home to Jia Jia (F) and An An (M) since 1999. Two new pandas, Le Le (M) and Ying Ying (F), were added to Ocean Park on [[April 26]], [[2007]].<ref name=hkpanda>{{cite web|title=Hong Kong welcomes two giant pandas from China|publisher=Hong Kong Digest|url=http://www.hketousa.gov.hk/ny/e-newsletter/07apr/Anniversary-Panda.htm}}</ref>
*Oji Zoo, [[Kobe]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyōgo]] - home of Kou Kou (M), Tan Tan (F)

===Australia===
*Adelaide Zoo, Adelaide - future home to Wangwang (M) and Funi (F). They will arrive in 2009.

==Pandas on television==
The first sequences of pandas in the wild were shot by Franz Camenzind for [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] in about 1982. They were bought by BBC Natural History Unit for their weekly magazine show ''Nature.''

Recently, [[Natural History New Zealand|NHNZ]] has featured pandas in two documentaries. ''Panda Nursery'' (2006) featured China’s Wolong Nature Reserve in the mountains in Sichuan Province; forty giant pandas and a dedicated team of staff play a crucial role in ensuring the survival of the species. As part of the Reserve’s panda breeding program, a revolutionary new method of rearing twin cubs called ‘swap-raising’ has been developed. Each cub is raised by both its natural mother and one of the Reserve’s veterinarians, Wei Rongping, to increase the chances of both cubs surviving. ''Growing Up: Giant Panda'' (2003) featured Chengdu Giant Panda Center in south-west China as one of the best in the world. Yet with female pandas' short fertility cycles and low birth rates, raising the captive panda population is an uphill battle.

In Hong Kong, there is a Panda Channel on [[now TV]], for citizens in Hong Kong to watch the four giant pandas in [[Ocean Park Hong Kong]] directly through their broadband TV decoders. An Internet live is also available on the [http://now.com.hk/panda Panda Channel Website] for people worldwide to watch the giant pandas through four cameras individually.

The panda Chow-Ling made an appearance in the movie ''[[Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy]]''.

==See also==
* [[Ailuropoda microta|Pygmy Giant Panda]]
* [[Qinling Panda]]
* [[Red Panda]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Bear Specialist Group|year=1996|id=712|title=Ailuropoda melanoleuca|downloaded=[[10 May]] [[2006]]}} (Listed as Endangered [EN B1+2c, C2a v2.3]).
* AFP (via [[Discovery Channel]]) (2006, [[June 20]]). [http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2006/06/20/panda_ani.html?category=animals&guid=20060620103030&dcitc=w19-502-ak-0000 Panda Numbers Exceed Expectations].
* Associated Press (via [[CNN]]) (2006). [http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/01/06/china.taiwan.ap/index.html Article link].
* Catton, Chris (1990). ''Pandas''. Christopher Helm.
* Friends of the National Zoo (2006). ''Panda Cam: A Nation Watches Tai Shan the Panda Cub Grow''. New York: Fireside Books.
* Goodman, Brenda (2006, [[February 12]]). [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/12/national/12panda.html Pandas Eat Up Much of Zoos' Budgets]. ''[[The New York Times]]''.
*{{cite book |author=Lumpkin, Susan; Seidensticker, John |title=Giant Pandas |publisher=Collins |location=London |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-06-120578-8 |oclc= |doi=}}
* [http://www.wwfchina.org/english/pandacentral/htm/wwf_at_work/panda_survey/q&a.htm Panda Facts At a Glance] (N.d.). ''www.wwfchina.org''. WWF China.
* Ryder, Joanne (2001). ''Little panda: The World Welcomes Hua Mei at the San Diego Zoo''. New York: Simon & Schuster.
* Schaller, George B. (1993). ''The Last Panda''. Chicago. University of Chicago Press.
* Wan, Q.-H., H. Wu, and S.-G. Fang (2005). "A New Subspecies of Giant Panda (''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'') from Shaanxi, China. ''Journal of Mammalogy'' 86: 397–402.
* Warren, Lynne (2006, July). "Panda, Inc." ''National Geographic''. (About Mei Xiang, Tai Shan and the Wolong Panda Research Facility in Chengdu China).

==External links==
{{commons|Giant Panda}}
{{wikispecies|Ailuropoda melanoleuca}}
*[http://www.globio.org/glossopedia/giantpanda/ GLOBIO's Glossopedia; Giant Panda] - Children's science and nature encyclopedia
*[http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s1755621.htm Panda Pioneer: the release of the first captive-bred panda 'Xiang Xiang' in 2006]
*[http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/our_solutions/endangered_species/giant_panda/index.cfm WWF] - environmental conservation organization
*[http://www.giantpandaonline.org/ Giant Panda Species Survival Plan]
*[http://www.pandasinternational.org/index.html Pandas International] - panda conservation group
*[http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/GiantPandas/ Smithsonian National Zoo Live Panda Cams] - (Baby Panda '''Tai Shan''' and his mother '''Mei Xiang''')
*[http://www.kinabaloo.com/zo2.html Photos of Giant Pandas in Beijing Zoo]
*[http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ailuropoda_melanoleuca.html Information from Animal Diversity]
*[http://www.toptentubes.com/toptenpandas A selection of the best panda videos available online]
*[http://www.pandaclub.net/ Wolong Panda Club]
*[http://pandas.sciencecastle.com/ Watch Pandas live online]
*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=13746175 NPR News 2007/08/20 - Panda Romance Stems From Bamboo]

{{Ursidae nav}}

[[Category:Giant Pandas]]
[[Category:Endangered species]]
[[Category:National symbols of China]]
[[Category:EDGE Species]]

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[[af:Panda]]
[[ar:باندا عملاقة]]
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[[es:Ailuropoda melanoleuca]]
[[eo:Granda pando]]
[[eu:Panda handi]]
[[fr:Panda géant]]
[[fy:Bamboebear]]
[[gan:熊貓]]
[[hak:Thai-yùng-meu]]
[[ko:자이언트판다]]
[[hr:Veliki panda]]
[[io:Pando]]
[[id:Panda]]
[[is:Pandabjörn]]
[[it:Ailuropoda melanoleuca]]
[[he:פנדה ענק]]
[[ka:ბამბუკის დათვი]]
[[la:Panda maior]]
[[lv:Lielā panda]]
[[lt:Didžioji panda]]
[[jbo:cionmau la barda]]
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[[ms:Panda Gergasi]]
[[nl:Reuzenpanda]]
[[ja:ジャイアントパンダ]]
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[[pt:Panda-gigante]]
[[ro:Ailuropoda melanoleuca]]
[[ru:Большая панда]]
[[scn:Panda gicanti]]
[[simple:Giant Panda]]
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[[sl:Orjaški panda]]
[[sr:Џиновска панда]]
[[su:Panda]]
[[fi:Isopanda]]
[[sv:Jättepanda]]
[[ta:பாண்டா]]
[[th:แพนด้ายักษ์]]
[[vi:Gấu trúc lớn]]
[[tr:Büyük panda]]
[[uk:Велика панда]]
[[wuu:大熊猫]]
[[zh-yue:熊貓]]
[[zh:大熊猫]]

Revision as of 18:55, 23 July 2008

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