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For details on how whites in the South subverted the protections of the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fourteenth Amendment]] and [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifteenth Amendment]] until the [[American Civil Rights movement]], see |
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The 1854 [[Ostend Manifesto]] was an unsuccessful Southern attempt to annex [[Cuba]] as a slave state. Rival plans for Northern vs. Southern routes for a [[transcontinental railroad]] became entangled in the [[Bleeding Kansas]] controversy over slavery. The [[Second Party System]] broke down after passage of the [[Kansas-Nebraska Act]] in 1854, which replaced the Missouri Compromise ban on slavery with [[popular sovereignty]], allowing the people of a territory to vote for or against slavery. In 1856 Congressional arguments over slavery became violent when [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Preston Brooks]] of [[South Carolina]] attacked and severely wounded [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican]] [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Charles Sumner]] on the Senate floor after Sumner's "Crime against Kansas" speech.<ref>Fox Butterfield; ''All God's Children'' page 17</ref> The 1857 Supreme Court [[Dred Scott v. Sandford|Dred Scott decision]] allowed slavery in the territories even where the majority of people opposed slavery, including Kansas. The [[Lecompton Constitution]] of 1857 was a controversial attempt to admit Kansas to the Union as a slave state that was supported by the minority of proslavery Kansans. The [[Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858]] included Northern Democratic leader [[Stephen Douglas]]' [[Freeport Doctrine]]. This doctrine was an argument for thwarting the Dred Scott decision which, along with Douglas' defeat of the Lecompton Constitution, divided the Democratic Party between North and South. Northern abolitionist [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]]'s raid at [[Harpers Ferry Armory]] was an attempt to incite slave insurrections in 1859. <ref>David Potter, ''The Impending Crisis,'' pp. 356–384</ref> The North-South split in the [[History of the United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] in 1860 due to the Southern demand for a slave code for the territories completed polarization of the nation between North and South. The [[United States presidential election, 1860|election of Lincoln in 1860]] was the final trigger for secession. Efforts at compromise, including the "[[Corwin Amendment]]" and the "[[Crittenden Compromise]]", failed. |
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*[[Disfranchisement after the Civil War]] |
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*[[Jim Crow laws]] |
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Other factors include sectionalism (caused by the growth of slavery in the lower South while slavery was gradually phased out in Northern states) and economic differences between North and South, although most modern historians disagree with the extreme economic determinism of historian [[Charles A. Beard|Charles Beard]] and argue that Northern and Southern economies were largely complimentary.<ref> Kenneth M. Stampp, ''The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War'' (1981) p 198; Woodworth, ed. ''The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research'' (1996), 145 151 505 512 554 557 684; Richard Hofstadter, ''The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington'' (1969)</ref> There was the polarizing effect of slavery that split the largest religious denominations (the [[Methodism|Methodist]], [[Baptist]] and [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] churches)<ref>James McPherson, ''Drawn With the Sword,'' page 11</ref> and controversy caused by the worst cruelties of slavery (whippings, mutilations and families split apart). The fact that seven immigrants out of eight settled in the North, plus the fact that twice as many whites left the South for the North as vice versa, contributed to the South's defensive-aggressive political behavior.<ref name="McPhersonExceptionalism">James McPherson, "Antebellum Southern Exceptionalism: A New Look at an Old Question," ''Civil War History'' 29 (September 1983)</ref> |
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*''[[United States v. Cruikshank]]'' (1875) |
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*''[[Civil Rights Cases]]'' (1883) |
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Southern secession was triggered by the election of Republican [[Abraham Lincoln]]<ref>David Potter, ''The Impending Crisis,'' page 485</ref> because Southern leaders feared that he would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction. Many Southerners thought either Lincoln or another Northerner would abolish slavery, and that it was time to secede. The slave states, which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives, were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North. |
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*''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'' (1896) |
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*''[[Williams v. Mississippi]]'' (1898) |
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*''[[Giles v. Harris]]'' (1903) |
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*[[Reconstruction era of the United States]]<ref>Eric Foner, Reconstruction - America's Unfinished Revolution - 1863-1877, Harper & Row, 1988</ref> |
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*[[Redemption (United States history)]] |
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Revision as of 21:54, 31 August 2008
For details on how whites in the South subverted the protections of the Fourteenth Amendment and Fifteenth Amendment until the American Civil Rights movement, see
- Disfranchisement after the Civil War
- Jim Crow laws
- United States v. Cruikshank (1875)
- Civil Rights Cases (1883)
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- Williams v. Mississippi (1898)
- Giles v. Harris (1903)
- Reconstruction era of the United States[1]
- Redemption (United States history)
- ^ Eric Foner, Reconstruction - America's Unfinished Revolution - 1863-1877, Harper & Row, 1988