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[[Image:Mary_Walker_1934.jpg|thumb|right|Mary Walker, 1934]]
[[Image:Mary_Walker_1934.jpg|thumb|right|Mary Walker, 1934]]


'''Dr. Mary Broadfoot Walker''' (1888 - 1974) was the British physician who first demonstrated the effectiveness of [[physostigmine]] in the treatment of [[Myasthenia gravis]].
'''Mary Broadfoot Walker''' (1888—1974) was a British physician who first demonstrated the effectiveness of [[physostigmine]] in the treatment of the condition [[myasthenia gravis]].


Mary Walker was born at Croft-an-Righ, Wigtown, Scotland in 1888, one of four children and the daughter of a Judge. After school she trained in medicine at Glasgow & Edinburgh Medical College for Women, graduating with MB ChB in 1913. During the First World War she served with the Royal Army Medical Corps at the 63rd General Hospital, Malta<ref>J.M.S. Pearce, Eur Neurol 2005;53:51-53</ref>. In 1920 she became a salaried Assistant Medical Officer in [[Poor Law|"Poor Law Service"]] at St. Alfege's Hospital, Greenwich, London, where she worked until 1936<ref>J.D. Johnston, J. Neurol (2007) 254:1306-1307</ref>. During this time she was awarded Membership of the Royal College of Physicians, London, in 1932. She then worked at St. Leonard's Hospital, Shoreditch, St. Francis' Hospital, Dulwich and St. Benedict's Hospital, Tooting, before retiring to Croft-an-Righ in 1954.
Mary Walker was born at Croft-an-Righ, [[Wigtown]], [[Scotland in 1888]], one of four children and the daughter of a Judge. After school she trained in medicine at Glasgow & Edinburgh Medical College for Women, graduating with MBChB in 1913. During the First World War she served with the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]] at the 63rd General Hospital, [[Malta]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pearce JM |title=Mary Broadfoot Walker (1888-1974): a historic discovery in myasthenia gravis |journal=Eur. Neurol. |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=51–3 |year=2005 |pmid=15746548 |doi=10.1159/000084268}}</ref> In 1920 she became a salaried Assistant Medical Officer in [[Poor Law|"Poor Law Service"]] at St. Alfege's Hospital, Greenwich, London, where she worked until 1936.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Johnston JD |title=Mary Broadfoot Walker (1888-1974) |journal=J. Neurol. |volume=254 |issue=9 |pages=1306–7 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=18000738 |doi=10.1007/s00415-007-0663-z}}</ref> During this time she was awarded [[Membership of the Royal College of Physicians]], London, in 1932. She then worked at St. Leonard's Hospital, Shoreditch, St. Francis' Hospital, Dulwich and St. Benedict's Hospital, Tooting, before retiring to Croft-an-Righ in 1954.


In 1934, while working at St. Alfege's Hospital, Dr. Walker discovered that the subcutaneous injection of physostigmine could temporarily reverse the muscle weakness found in patients suffering from myasthenia gravis. She had noted that the the symptoms and signs of myasthenia were similar to those found in [[curare]] poisoning, and physostigmine was used as an an antidote to curare poisoning at that time<ref>http://www.mgauk.org/mganews/0203-02.htm</ref>. The first case of Myasthenia gravis successfully treated with physostigmine was published in the Lancet in June 1934<ref>Walker MB: Treatment of myasthenia gravis with physostigmine. Lancet 1934;i:1200-1201</ref>.
In 1934, while working at St. Alfege's Hospital, Dr. Walker discovered that the subcutaneous injection of physostigmine could temporarily reverse the muscle weakness found in patients suffering from myasthenia gravis. She had noted that the the symptoms and signs of myasthenia were similar to those found in [[curare]] poisoning, and physostigmine was used as an an antidote to curare poisoning at that time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mgauk.org/mganews/0203-02.htm |title=Dr Mary Walker - A Pioneer in the Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis |format= |work=MG -association UK |accessdate=2008-11-23}}</ref> The first case of myasthenia gravis successfully treated with physostigmine was published in ''[[the Lancet]]'' in June 1934.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Walker MB | title=Treatment of myasthenia gravis with physostigmine | journal=Lancet | year=1934 | volume=1 | pages=1200-1201 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)94294-6}}</ref>


In 1935 Mary Walker was the first to recognise the association between [[Familial Periodic Paralysis]] and [[hypokalaemia]]<ref>Walker MB. Potassium chloride in myasthenia gravis. Lancet 1935;(ii):47</ref>. She also described the glucose challenge test used in diagnosing hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and the use of intravenous potassium in its treatment<ref>Aitken RS, Allot EN, Gastelden LIM & Walker MB. Observations on a case of familial periodic paralysis. Clinical Science 1937;3:47-57</ref>.
In 1935 Mary Walker was the first to recognise the association between the condition [[Hypokalemic periodic paralysis|familial periodic paralysis]] and [[hypokalaemia]] (low blood potassium levels).<ref>{{cite journal | author=Walker MB | title=Potassium chloride in myasthenia gravis | journal=Lancet | year=1935 | volume=2 | pages=47 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)09382-5}}</ref> She also described the glucose challenge test used in diagnosing hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and the use of intravenous potassium in its treatment.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Aitken RS, Allot EN, Gastelden LIM, Walker MB | title=Observations on a case of familial periodic paralysis | journal=Clin Sci | year=1937 | volume=3 | pages=47-57}}</ref> During 1935 her research on myasthenia was incorporated into her MD thesis which was submitted via the [[University of Edinburgh]], and for which she received a Gold Medal.<ref>{{cite book | title=Edinburgh University Calendar 1937-1938 | pages=581 | publisher=James Thin | location=Edinburgh | year=1937}}</ref>


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Although she never became a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Physicians]], she was awarded the Jean Hunter Prize in 1962 ''"for the advancement of research into the treatment of nervous exhaustion and for her original contribution to the fundamental knowledge of the nature of myasthenia gravis, made while carrying out the routine duties of a medical officer at a large metropolitan hospital".''
During 1935 her research on Myasthenia was incorporated into her MD thesis which was submitted via the University of Edinburgh, and for which she received a Gold Medal<ref>Edinburgh University Calendar 1937-1938, page 581, published by James Thin of Edinburgh</ref>.


⚫
After her retirement in 1954, she continued to work part time at the Glasgow Royal Maternity & Women's Hospital, and remained active in the field of myasthenia gravis.<ref>Letter to Miss Sylvia Bates advocating controlled trial of thymectomy to ascertain its role in the management of myasthenia gravis</ref><ref name=Walker1973>{{cite journal |author=Walker MB |title=Some discoveries on myasthenia gravis: the background |journal=Br Med J |volume=2 |issue=5857 |pages=42–3 |year=1973 |month=April |pmid=4572033 |pmc=1588990}}</ref> Her 1973 article also describes ''the Mary Walker Effect'', a clinical sign found in myasthenia gravis.<ref name=Walker1973/> She died in September 1974 at the age of 86.<ref>{{cite journal | title=Obituary | journal=Lancet | year=1974 | pages=1401 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92285-5}}</ref>
⚫
Although she never became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, she was awarded the Jean Hunter Prize in 1962 ''"for the advancement of research into the treatment of nervous exhaustion and for her original contribution to the fundamental knowledge of the nature of myasthenia gravis, made while carrying out the routine duties of a medical officer at a large metropolitan hospital".''


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==References==
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After her retirement in 1954, she continued to work part time at the Glasgow Royal Maternity & Women's Hospital, and remained active in the field of myasthenia gravis<ref>Letter to Miss Sylvia Bates advocating controlled trial of thymectomy to ascertain its role in the management of myasthenia gravis</ref><ref>Review of the background of discoveries in myasthenia gravis. British Medical Journal 1973(2) 42-43</ref>. Her 1973 article also describes '''the Mary Walker Effect''', a clinical sign found in myasthenia gravis. She died in September 1974 at the age of 86<ref>Lancet 7th December 1974, p.1401</ref>.
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{{reflist}}


== External links==
== External links==
* [http://www.rootatlas.com/wordpress/video/59/myasthenia-gravis-the-mary-walker-prostigmin-effect-video/ 1935 video of the effect of prostigmin on myasthenia gravis]
* [http://www.rootatlas.com/wordpress/video/59/myasthenia-gravis-the-mary-walker-prostigmin-effect-video/ 1935 video of the effect of prostigmin on myasthenia gravis]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Walker, Mary Broadfoot}}
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== References ==
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{{reflist}}

[[Category:British doctors]]
[[Category:British doctors]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]

Revision as of 21:04, 23 November 2008

Mary Walker, 1934

Mary Broadfoot Walker (1888—1974) was a British physician who first demonstrated the effectiveness of physostigmine in the treatment of the condition myasthenia gravis.

Mary Walker was born at Croft-an-Righ, Wigtown, Scotland in 1888, one of four children and the daughter of a Judge. After school she trained in medicine at Glasgow & Edinburgh Medical College for Women, graduating with MBChB in 1913. During the First World War she served with the Royal Army Medical Corps at the 63rd General Hospital, Malta.[1] In 1920 she became a salaried Assistant Medical Officer in "Poor Law Service" at St. Alfege's Hospital, Greenwich, London, where she worked until 1936.[2] During this time she was awarded Membership of the Royal College of Physicians, London, in 1932. She then worked at St. Leonard's Hospital, Shoreditch, St. Francis' Hospital, Dulwich and St. Benedict's Hospital, Tooting, before retiring to Croft-an-Righ in 1954.

In 1934, while working at St. Alfege's Hospital, Dr. Walker discovered that the subcutaneous injection of physostigmine could temporarily reverse the muscle weakness found in patients suffering from myasthenia gravis. She had noted that the the symptoms and signs of myasthenia were similar to those found in curare poisoning, and physostigmine was used as an an antidote to curare poisoning at that time.[3] The first case of myasthenia gravis successfully treated with physostigmine was published in the Lancet in June 1934.[4]

In 1935 Mary Walker was the first to recognise the association between the condition familial periodic paralysis and hypokalaemia (low blood potassium levels).[5] She also described the glucose challenge test used in diagnosing hypokalaemic periodic paralysis and the use of intravenous potassium in its treatment.[6] During 1935 her research on myasthenia was incorporated into her MD thesis which was submitted via the University of Edinburgh, and for which she received a Gold Medal.[7]

Although she never became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, she was awarded the Jean Hunter Prize in 1962 "for the advancement of research into the treatment of nervous exhaustion and for her original contribution to the fundamental knowledge of the nature of myasthenia gravis, made while carrying out the routine duties of a medical officer at a large metropolitan hospital".

After her retirement in 1954, she continued to work part time at the Glasgow Royal Maternity & Women's Hospital, and remained active in the field of myasthenia gravis.[8][9] Her 1973 article also describes the Mary Walker Effect, a clinical sign found in myasthenia gravis.[9] She died in September 1974 at the age of 86.[10]

References

  1. ^ Pearce JM (2005). "Mary Broadfoot Walker (1888-1974): a historic discovery in myasthenia gravis". Eur. Neurol. 53 (1): 51–3. doi:10.1159/000084268. PMID 15746548.
  2. ^ Johnston JD (2007). "Mary Broadfoot Walker (1888-1974)". J. Neurol. 254 (9): 1306–7. doi:10.1007/s00415-007-0663-z. PMID 18000738. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ "Dr Mary Walker - A Pioneer in the Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis". MG -association UK. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
  4. ^ Walker MB (1934). "Treatment of myasthenia gravis with physostigmine". Lancet. 1: 1200–1201. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)94294-6.
  5. ^ Walker MB (1935). "Potassium chloride in myasthenia gravis". Lancet. 2: 47. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)09382-5.
  6. ^ Aitken RS, Allot EN, Gastelden LIM, Walker MB (1937). "Observations on a case of familial periodic paralysis". Clin Sci. 3: 47–57.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Edinburgh University Calendar 1937-1938. Edinburgh: James Thin. 1937. p. 581.
  8. ^ Letter to Miss Sylvia Bates advocating controlled trial of thymectomy to ascertain its role in the management of myasthenia gravis
  9. ^ a b Walker MB (1973). "Some discoveries on myasthenia gravis: the background". Br Med J. 2 (5857): 42–3. PMC 1588990. PMID 4572033. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ^ "Obituary". Lancet: 1401. 1974. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(74)92285-5.
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