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[[Image:Slavic europe.svg|300px|thumb|right|Slavic people in Europe (south, west and east slavs)]] |
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'''Pan-Slavism''' was a movement in the mid 19th century aimed at unity of all the [[Slavic people]]s. The main focus was in the [[Balkans]] where the [[South Slav]]s had been ruled and oppressed for centuries by the three great empires, [[Austria-Hungary]], the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]]. It was also used as a political tool by both the [[Russian Empire]] and its successor the [[Soviet Union]]. |
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== Origins == |
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Although Pan-Slavic ideas were first widely promoted by [[Vinko Pribojević]] in the early 16th century and [[Juraj Križanić]] in the mid-17th century, full-scale Pan-Slavism began much like [[Pan-Germanism]], both of which grew from the sense of unity and [[Nationalism]] experienced within ethnic groups under the domination of [[France]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. Like other [[Romantic nationalism|Romantic]] nationalist movements, Slavic intellectuals and scholars in the developing fields of [[history]], [[philology]], and [[folklore]] actively encouraged the passion of their shared identity and ancestry. Pan-Slavism also co-existed with the Southern Slavic independence. |
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Commonly used symbols of the Pan-Slavic movement were the [[Pan-Slavic colours]] (blue, white and red) and the Pan-Slavic anthem, ''[[Hey, Slavs]]''. |
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Some of the earliest manifestations of Pan-Slavic thought within the Habsburg Monarchy have been attributed to [[Adam František Kollár|Adam Franz Kollár]] and [[Pavel Jozef Šafárik]].<ref>Robert John Weston Evans, Chapter "Nationality in East-Central Europe: Perception and Definition before 1848." ''Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Essays on Central Europe, c.1683-1867.'' 2006.</ref> The movement began following the end of the wars in 1815. In the aftermath, the European leaders sought to restore the pre-war status quo. Austria's representative in the [[Congress of Vienna]], [[Metternich]], felt the threat to this status quo in Austria was the nationalists demanding independence from the empire. While their subjects were composed of numerous ethnic groups (such as Italians, Romanians, Hungarians, etc), most of the subjects were Slavs. |
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== The First Pan-Slav Congress, Prague, 1848 == |
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The [[Prague Slavic Congress, 1848|First Pan-Slav congress]] was held in [[Prague]], [[Bohemia]] in June, 1848, during the [[Revolutions of 1848|revolutionary movement of 1848]]. The Czechs had refused to send representatives to the [[Frankfurt Assembly]] feeling that Slavs had a distinct interest from the Germans. The [[Austroslavism|austroslav]], [[František Palacký]], presided over the event. Most of the delegates were Czech. Palacký called for the co-operation of the [[Habsburg]]s and had also endorsed the Habsburg monarchy as the political formation most likely to protect the peoples of [[central Europe]]. When the Germans asked him to declare himself in favour of their desire for national unity, he replied that he would not as this would weaken the Habsburg state: “Truly, if it were not that [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] had long existed, it would be necessary, in the interest of [[Europe]], in the interest of [[All humanity|humanity]] itself, to create it.” |
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The Pan-Slav congress met during the revolutionary turmoil of 1848. Young inhabitants of Prague had taken to the streets and in the confrontation, a stray bullet had killed the wife of Field Marshal [[Alfred, Prince of Windischgrätz]], the commander of the Austrian forces in Prague. Enraged, Windischgrätz seized the city, disbanded the congress, and established [[martial law]] throughout [[Bohemia]]. |
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== Pan-Slavism in Central Europe == |
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[[Image:Pan-Slavic flag.svg|thumb|right|Slavic flag proposed by the Pan-Slav convention in [[Prague]] in 1848]] |
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The first Pan-Slavic convention was held in [[Prague]] in 1848 and was specifically both anti-Austrian and anti-Russian. Pan-Slavism has some supporters among Czech politicians but never gained dominant influence, possibly other than treating [[Czechs]] and [[Slovaks]] as branches of a single nation. |
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During [[World War I]] captured Slavic soldiers were asked to fight against the "oppression in Austrian Empire: some did (see [[Czechoslovak Legions]]). |
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Creation of an independent [[Czechoslovakia]] made the old ideals of Pan-Slavism anachronistic. Relations with other Slavic states varied, sometimes being tense. Even tensions between Czechs and Slovaks had appeared. |
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== Pan-Slavism in the Balkans == |
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One of the first Pan-Slavic movements in the Balkans was the Croatian [[Illyrian movement]]. Later the Southern Slavic movement was active after [[Principality of Serbia|Serbia]] regained independence from the Turkish [[Ottoman Empire]]. Austria feared that nationalists would endanger the empire. Pan-Slavism in the south was vastly different, instead it often turned to Russia for support. The Southern Slavic movement advocated the independence of the Slavic peoples in [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Some Serbian intellectuals sought to unite all of the Southern, Balkan Slavs, whether orthodox, catholic or muslim, under their rule. Serbia, just having gained independence, was a small nascent state, whereas the Austro-Hungarian Empire, though unstable, was still a strong opponent to Serbia. In this circumstance, the idea of Russia involving the Southern Slavic unity was favored. |
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The Southern Slavs were some of the first to revolt against the decaying [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1806 and again in 1815, the Serbs secured autonomy from the Ottomans. Almost immediately after Serbia's autonomy, the Serbs began seeking expansion and unity of all the Southern Slavs not under Serbian rule. |
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In Austria-Hungary Southern Slavs were distributed among several entities: [[Slovenes]] in the Austrian part ([[Carniola]], [[Styria (duchy)|Styria]], [[Carinthia (duchy)|Carinthia]], [[Gorizia and Gradisca]], [[Trieste]], [[Istria]] (also [[Croats]])), [[Croats]] and [[Serbs]] in the Hungarian part within the autonomous [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]] and in the Austrian part within the autonomous [[Kingdom of Dalmatia]], and in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], under direct control from Vienna. Due to a different position within Austria-Hungary several different goals were prominent among the Southern Slavs of Austria-Hungary. A strong alternative to Pan-Slavism was [[Austroslavism]], especially among the [[Slovenes]]. Because the Serbs were distributed among several provinces, and the fact that they had special ties to the independent nation state of [[Serbia]], they were among the strongest supporters of independence of South-Slavs from Austria. |
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After World War I the creation of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], under Serbian royalty, did unite most Southern Slavs regardless of religion and cultural background (orthodox/muslim/catholic). The only ones they did not unite with were the [[Bulgarians]]. |
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== Pan-Slavism in Poland == |
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Although early Pan-Slavism had found interest among some Poles, it soon lost its appeal as the movement became dominated by [[Russia]], and while Russian Pan-Slavists spoke of liberation of other Slavs through Russian actions, parts of [[Poland]] had been under oppressive rule by the [[Russian Empire]] since the [[Partitions of Poland]]. Historically, [[Poland]] often saw itself in partnership with non-Slavic nations most of the time, such as [[Hungary]], or [[Lithuania]] under the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] from 1569 to 1795. The influence of 19th century Pan-Slavism had little impact in [[Poland]] except for creating sympathy towards the other oppressed Slavic nations to regaining [[independence]]. At the same time while Pan-Slavism worked against Austro-Hungary with South Slavs, Poles enjoyed a wide [[autonomy]] within the state and assumed a loyalist position as they were able to develop their national culture and preserve Polish language, something under threat in both [[Germany|German]] and [[Russia]]n Empires. A Pan-Slavic [[federation]] was proposed, but on the condition that the [[Russian Empire]] would be excluded from such an entity. After Poland regained its independence (from Germany, Austria and Russia) in 1918 no major or minor force considered Pan-Slavism as a serious alternative, viewing Pan-Slavism as largely overshadowed by [[Russification]]. During Poland's communist era the [[USSR]] used Pan-Slavism as propaganda tool to justify its control over the country. The issue of the Pan-Slavism was not part of the mainstream political agenda, and is widely seen as ideology of Russian [[imperialism]]. |
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== Modern day developments == |
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The authentic idea of unity of the Slavic people was all but gone after [[World War I]] when the maxim "Versailles and Trianon have put an end to all Slavisms" <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?ie=UTF-8&vid=ISBN3110106051&id=AsO_M5SaxDgC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=%22west+slavs%22&sig=EmpK-yEW2OHxlLLqb7pZ1GvOOws]</ref> and was finally put to rest with the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in late 1980s. With failures in establishing and harmonizing within Pan-Northern (Czechoslovakia), Pan-Southern (Yugoslavia) Slavic state, Pan-Western (Helasia) or the problem of Russian dominance in any proposed all-Slavic organisation the idea of Pan-Slavic unity is considered dead. Varying relations between the Slavic countries exist nowadays; they range from mutual respect on equal footing and sympathy towards one another through traditional dislike and enmity, to indifference. None, other than culture and heritage oriented organizations, are currently considered as a form of rapprochement among the countries with Slavic origins. In modern times the appeals to Pan-Slavism are often made in Russia, Serbia and Slovakia. <ref name="Duleba">"''In other words, the Pan-Slavic resentment is not strange to the Russian Eurasianists, however, this is prevailingly limited to the post-Soviet space. Therein lies the difference between the Eurasians and the Russian radical nationalists in their contemporary attitude to Pan-Slavism. Radical nationalists are the only ones who follow up with the tradition and ideational message of the Central- and South-European Pan-Slavism of the tsarist Russia. Pan-Slavism serves as their tool for demonstrating decisive anti-Western attitudes and as an "historical" folklore employed in domestic-political battles, which sound so sweet to the Russian ear. The ideas of Pan-Slavism only find some echo with the part of some Serbian and partly Slovak nationalists''" Alexander Duleba, "From Domination to Partnership - The perspectives of Russian-Central-East European Relations", Final Report to the [[NATO]] Research Fellowship Program, 1996-1998 [http://www.google.pl/url?sa=t&ct=res&cd=2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Facad%2Ffellow%2F96-98%2Fduleba.pdf&ei=aQiYROKJA7meiAKHxswb&sig2=NBl8OX5klwSypK05xNxAHA]</ref> |
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==See also== |
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* [[Russification]] |
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==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
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*[http://www.bartleby.com/65/pa/PanSlavi.html Pan-Slavism] in [[Columbia Encyclopedia]] |
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*[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415939232&id=7jCi6jCc3KcC&pg=PA1762&lpg=PA1762&dq=pan-slavism&sig=wBRP_gaaZRt5Gu1bPbJn8fk7T0E Pan-Slavism] in "Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements" by Edmund Jan Osmanczyk |
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* Nicholas Valentine Riasanovsky, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0195121791 A History of Russia], p. 450, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-512179-1. |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.slavic-unity.org Slavic Unity] (various languages ) |
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*[http://www.extremistov.net Slavic Patriotic organization] (Russian) |
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*[http://www.slovane.ic.cz/forum/index.php Slovanské fórum] (Czech) |
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*[http://forum.sho.sk/ Slovanské fórum] (Slovak) |
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*[http://slavija.proboards37.com/index.cgi Slavic Nationalist Forum] (English) |
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{{Great power diplomacy}} |
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[[Category:Slavs]] |
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[[Category:Pan-Slavism|*]] |
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[[ar:الجامعة السلافية]] |
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[[an:Paneslabismo]] |
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[[be:Панславізм]] |
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[[bg:Панславизъм]] |
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[[cs:Panslavismus]] |
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[[cy:Pan-Slafiaeth]] |
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[[de:Panslawismus]] |
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[[es:Paneslavismo]] |
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[[fr:Panslavisme]] |
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[[ko:범슬라브주의]] |
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[[it:Panslavismo]] |
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[[ka:პანსლავიზმი]] |
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[[lv:Panslāvisms]] |
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[[lt:Panslavizmas]] |
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[[hu:Pánszlávizmus]] |
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[[mk:Панславизам]] |
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[[nl:Panslavisme]] |
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[[ja:汎スラヴ主義]] |
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[[no:Panslavisme]] |
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[[pl:Panslawizm]] |
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[[pt:Pan-eslavismo]] |
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[[ro:Panslavism]] |
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[[ru:Панславизм]] |
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[[sq:Pansllavizmi]] |
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[[sk:Panslavizmus]] |
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[[fi:Panslavismi]] |
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[[sv:Panslavism]] |
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[[tr:Panslavizm]] |
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[[uk:Панславізм]] |
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[[zh:泛斯拉夫主義]] |
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