British Jews: Difference between revisions
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{{Globalizecountry|England}} |
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{{Ethnic group |
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|group = British Jews |
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|image = [[Image:Disraeli.jpg|90x90px]] [[Image:Nigella Lawson booksigning.jpg|90x90px]] [[Image:Lewis-pre.jpg|90x90px]]<br>[[Image:DANIEL RADCLIFFE 07.jpg|90x90px]] [[Image:Rachel Stevens.jpg|90x90px]] [[Image:Sacha Cohen.jpg|90x90px]]<br>[[Image:WinehouseLA.jpg|90x90px]] [[Image:Immanuel Jakobovits.jpg|90x90px]] [[Image:Sirjonathansacks.jpg|90x90px]]<br> |
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<small>[[Benjamin Disraeli]] • [[Nigella Lawson]] • [[Bernard Lewis]] • [[Daniel Radcliffe]] • [[Rachel Stevens]] • [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] • [[Amy Winehouse]] • [[Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits|Immanuel Jakobovits]] • [[Jonathan Sacks]]</small> |
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|pop = '''~350,000''' |
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|regions = [[Greater London]], [[South Hertfordshire]], south-west [[Essex]], [[Greater Manchester]], [[Gateshead]], [[Leeds]], [[Greater Glasgow]] |
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|langs = [[English language|English]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], [[Arabic language|Judeo-Arabic]] |
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|rels = [[Judaism]] |
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|related-c = |
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}} |
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{{Jews and Judaism sidebar}} |
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'''British Jews''' (often referred to collectively, but imprecisely, as '''Anglo-Jewry''') are British subjects of [[Jew]]ish descent or religion who maintain a connection to the Jewish community, either through actively practising [[Judaism]] or through cultural and historical affiliation. The [[United Kingdom]] contains the second largest Jewish population in [[Western Europe]] after [[French Jewry|France's Jewish Community]] and is the seventh largest community of all [[Jewish diaspora|world Jewry]]. British Jews span a range of religious affiliations, from the ultra-Orthodox [[Haredi]] communities to the large segment of Jews who are entirely [[Reform Judaism|secular]]. |
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==History== |
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{{Main|History of the Jews in England|History of the Jews in Scotland|History of the Jews in Wales|History of the Jews in Northern Ireland}} |
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The first recorded Jewish community in the [[British Isles]] was brought to [[England]] in 1070 by King [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]], who believed that their [[Commerce|commercial]] skills and incoming [[Capital (economics)|capital]] would make England more prosperous. This community was [[History of the Jews in England after the Edict of Expulsion|expelled]] in 1290 by King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]. A small community persisted in hiding despite the expulsion. Jews were not banned from Scotland though in this period as Scotland was an independent nation with different laws to England. In 1656 [[Oliver Cromwell]] made it clear that the ban on Jewish settlement would no longer be enforced. In 2006, the Jewish community celebrated the 350th anniversary of the resettlement in England.<ref>[http://www.ejpress.org/digest/in_depth/on_anglo_jewry/ EJP looks back on 350 years of history of Jews in the UK]: ''European Jewish Press''. Retrieved 21 July 2006.</ref> |
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==Demographics== |
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===Population=== |
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At the start of [[World War I]] there were over 500,000 Jews in the United Kingdom, but the Jewish population has steadily declined since then.<ref name=Pigott/> The Jewish population in the 2001 Census was published as 266,740 people. However, this figure did not include Jews who identified 'by ethnicity only' in England and Wales or Scottish Jews who identified as Jewish by upbringing but held no current religion. These broader definitions brought the total number of Jews enumerated in the United Kingdom in the 2001 Census to 270,499.<ref>"Jews in Britain: a snapshot from the 2001 Census", Institute for Jewish Policy Research 2007</ref>. However, some 20,000 unexpected Jews living in areas far from established communities all over the country identified as following the Jewish religion (the 2001 census for the first time included a question on religion, which was not mandatory to answer). The only region in the country where no Jews identified was the Scilly Islands. On the other hand it is known that a considerable number of strictly Orthodox Jews in N.E. London, N.W.London and Manchester chose not to answer the question. From 2005, for the first time in at least 40 years, the number of births in the community exceeded the number of deaths.<ref> 2005 and 2006 Annual Reports of CPRG of Board of Deputies</ref> Since then the Jewish population has grown from 275,000 to 280,000. This is attributable largely to the high birth rates of [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi Jews]]. It is probable that the current UK Jewish population is 280,000.<ref name=Pigott>Pigott, Robert. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7411877.stm "Jewish population on the increase"], ''[[BBC News]]'', May 21, 2008. "The UK's Jewish population is growing for the first time since World War II, research suggests. The rise appears to be due to a growth in the size of ultra-orthodox Jewish families, according to researchers at the University of Manchester. The population fell to a historic low of 275,000 in 2005, but that figure has since increased to 280,000 in 2008."</ref> |
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Currently, about two-thirds of the UK's Jews live in [[Greater London]] or contiguous parts of [[South Hertfordshire]] and south-west [[Essex]]. Substantial communities outside the London area include [[Manchester]], home to some 30,000 Jews, and [[Leeds]], where now less than 7,000 Jews live. Other substantial communities include [[Gateshead]], [[Glasgow]] and [[Liverpool]], as well as other former industrial cities. The community has somewhat aged with 24% of the community at, or, over the age of 65 (compared to 16% of the general population of England and Wales) In the 2001 census Jews were the only group in which the number of persons in the 75 plus cohorts outnumbered those in the 65-74 cohort. |
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===Religious affiliation=== |
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There are some 350 [[synagogues]] in the country, and it is estimated that 70% of the country's Jews are affiliated with one. Roughly one in five of British Jews attend a [[synagogue]] once a week. |
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Of those affiliated, the affiliations are distributed across the following groupings: |
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* the central [[Modern Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] synagogues: the [[United Synagogue]], the [[Federation of Synagogues]] ([[Ashkenazi]]), the [[Spanish and Portuguese|Spanish & Portuguese Synagogues]] ([[Sephardi]]) – 61%; |
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* [[Progressive Judaism|Progressive]] synagogues: the [[Movement for Reform Judaism]] (previously known as Reform Synagogues of Great Britain), and [[Liberal Judaism]] – 27%; |
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* strictly Orthodox ([[Haredi]]) synagogues – 11%; |
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* [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] ([[Masorti]]) synagogues: the [[Assembly of Masorti Synagogues]] – 2%.<ref>[http://www.jpr.org.uk/publications/publications.php?id=97&sid=97 A Community of Communities], Institute for Jewish Policy Research, 2000.</ref> |
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==Communal institutions== |
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===Cross-communal organisations=== |
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As British Jews come from all walks of life, have different levels of observance, and have different political affiliations, there is no one unified representative (or representative group) of Anglo-Jewery. The British Jewish community enjoys a wide range of organisations, funded by private donations, which provide support to Jews of all religious denominations and none: |
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*The [[Board of Deputies of British Jews|Board of Deputies]], founded in 1760, represents the community at a national and international level. All synagogues and communal organisations are entitled to elect deputies to the Board. |
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* The [[Scottish Council of Jewish Communities]] is the representative body of all of the Jewish communities in Scotland. |
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*The [[Jewish Leadership Council]] comprises the chairpeople of the major organisations in each sector of communal life, together with key individual leaders of the community. |
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*The [[Community Security Trust]] exists to combat those who seek to threaten the safety and security of the Jewish community in Britain. |
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*The [[Union of Jewish Students]] supports Jewish students at [[university]]. |
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*The [[Community Policy Research Group]] is the community's horizon-scanning think-tank run with an advisory board made up of leading professionals from major communal organisations and leading academics. |
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*The [[London Jewish Forum]] was set up in 2007. |
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===Limmud=== |
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The annual [[Limmud]] winter conference is a high-profile educational event of the British Jewish community, attracting a wide range of international presenters. |
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==Media== |
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There are a number of [[Jewish newspaper|Jewish newspapers]], magazines and websites published. These include, The [[Jewish Chronicle]] newspaper, Jewish News newspaper, [[Jewish Telegraph]], The [[Jewish Tribune (UK)|Jewish Tribune]], JLifestyle magazine, SomethingJewish website and [[Totally|TotallyJewish]] website. |
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==Notable British Jews== |
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{{Main|List of British Jews}} |
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<center> |
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<gallery widths="100px" heights="100px" perrow="5"> |
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Image:Sacha Cohen.jpg|[[Sacha Baron Cohen]] |
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Image:AmyWinehouseBerlin2007.jpg|[[Amy Winehouse]] |
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Image:Promo photo of Epstein.jpg|[[Brian Epstein]] |
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Image:EmericPressburger.jpg|[[Emeric Pressburger]] |
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Image:Davidwarner.jpg|[[David Warner (actor)|David Warner]] |
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Image:Sharon Osbourne.jpg|[[Sharon Osbourne]] |
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Image:Stephen Fry Book Signing.jpg|[[Stephen Fry]] |
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Image:Helena Bonham Carter 2005.jpg|[[Helena Bonham Carter]] |
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Image:Mickjones.jpg|[[Mick Jones (The Clash)|Mick Jones]] |
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Image:Elizabeth Taylor trailer.jpg|[[Elizabeth Taylor]] |
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Image:Terry Hall.jpg|[[Terry Hall (singer)|Terry Hall]] |
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Image:JayKay2.jpg|[[Jason Kay]] |
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Image:Mark_Ronson_in_Preston.JPG|[[Mark Ronson]] |
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Image:Sam Wanamaker.jpg|[[Sam Wanamaker]] |
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Image:SophieOkonedo08TIFF.jpg|[[Sophie Okonedo]] |
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<!-- Image:Charles Saatchi.jpg|[[Charles Saatchi]] --> |
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<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: Image:53227777.jpg| [[Alan Sugar]] --> |
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</gallery> |
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</center> |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/Onlineresources/RWWC/themes/1301/1155 Reassessing what we collect website – Jewish London] History of Jewish London with objects and images |
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*[http://www.jpr.org.uk/publications/publication.php?id=195 Jews in Britain: A Snapshot from the 2001 Census], Institute for Jewish Policy Research, May 2007 |
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*[http://www.oztorah.com/feature/archive/ukjewry.php Articles on British Jewish history] |
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==References== |
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<div class="references-small"> |
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*[http://www.bod.org.uk/ The Board Of Deputies Of British Jews] |
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</div> |
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{{reflist}} |
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{{EuropeansinUK}} |
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{{AsiansinUK}} |
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==See also== |
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*[[List of British Jews]] |
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*[[History of the Jews in England]] |
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*[[History of the Jews in Scotland]] |
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*[[History of the Jews in Ireland]] |
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[[Category:British Jews| ]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom]] |
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[[cs:Židé ve Spojeném království]] |
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[[fr:Histoire des Juifs au Royaume-Uni]] |
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[[he:יהדות בריטניה]] |
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