Tobacco marketing targeting African Americans: Difference between revisions
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'''New article name''' is Tobacco Marketing and African Americans |
'''New article name''' is Tobacco Marketing and African Americans |
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==Introduction== |
==Introduction== |
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==Menthol== |
==Menthol== |
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Menthol was used |
Menthol was used in medicinal practice for thousands of years.<ref>jain 302</ref> Mentholation acts as a mild anesthetic and numbs the throat to the harsh elements of tobacco smoke and thus allows a deeper and longer inhalation.<ref>jain 301</ref> B&W launched a mentholated Kool in 1993 and priced it at $0.15, 25 cents cheaper then spud. <ref>jain 301</ref> |
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===Health Effects=== |
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Menthol cigarettes have higher carbon monoxide concentrations than non-metholated cigarettes and may be associated with greater absorption of nicotine. Research indicated that mentholated cigarettes may increase the risk of lung and bronchial cancer by promoting lung permeability and diffusability of smoke particles.<ref>(Marketing 2-3)</ref> African Americans are the only ethnic group to suffer disproportionately from smoking-caused chronic and preventable disease. <ref>(Marketing 3)</ref> Approximately 45,000 African Americans die from smoking caused illness each year and an estimated 1.6 million African American under the age of 18 alive today will become regular smokers. about 500,000 of these individuals well die prematurely from tobacco-related disease. <ref>(Marketing 3)</ref> |
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==Cool and “Kool”== |
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===Vernacular Origins of Cool=== |
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The extract vernacular meaning of coolness from African American culture of the jazz scene of 30s and 40s where term cool took a new semantic meaning. What did it mean to be cool? To be cool was to reflect the lifestyle of the glamorous, to be a part of jazz culture. |
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Cool as far as jazz to Caucasians was having a band n your garage, which was seen as a cool thing to do. For African Americans, jazz was closer to be-bop—fast paced. With Miles Davis came the Birth of the Cool. Davis slowed jazz down and infused African American culture. The ownership of jazz thus became the ownership of cool. Cool was being bad, dong drugs, relaxing, slowing down the hustle and bustle of life. Mask of coolness drew upon jazz and focused on the idea of living passionately and differently in the present. Coolness was Stoicism concerning emotion—confident and clearheaded. The cool transformed the Harlem Renaissance. |
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The cool caused African Americans to live differently and with a certain style that was true to yourself. The idea of keeping it real and being legit was most important. This was the cool. |
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===Kool=== |
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The Kool brand capitalized off the culture of "coolness" in African American culture from the jazz movement.<ref>(Jain302)</ref> The brand was associated with a very positive, glamorous self image which had been establishment of jazz and cool. "'To be cool you smoke Kool'; 'Smoking a Kool? Like riding a Rolls Royce'." <ref>(Jain 303)</ref> Cigarettes were than able to become a part of the cool lifestyle. The cool was freshness, cold, and coolness. |
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==Marketing== |
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===Targeting=== |
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In 2002, it was found that poor environments with a greater quantity of African Americans there were more interior and exterior tobacco advertisements retail outlets than in predominant white and middle to upper class communities.<ref>(Marketing 1)</ref> In particular, tobacco companies pushed mentholated cigarettes to this "poor and minority neighborhoods"<ref>jstor16</ref>, "not because they're African American", but, "because they like menthol cigarettes."<ref>(jain 301 jeffrey g. weil)</ref> B&W capitalized on many African Americans' positive view of mentholated and its medicinal properties with the advertisements of Kools. <ref>(jain, 203)<ref> Philip Morris agreed that menthol was what young African Americans wanted and introduced a Marlboro Smooth, pushing the idea of "smoother" to insinuate the reduction of menthol in comparison with Kool. <ref>(marketing 1, 2)<ref> R.J. Reynolds, on the other hand, promoted their brand of mentholated cigarettes, Salem. <ref>(marketing 2)<ref> |
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====Practice==== |
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In a leading advertising-related magazine entitled "Advertising Age," R.J. Reynold spent an estimated $10-15 million in 1997 on advertisement for a new Camel menthol brand.<ref>(marketing 2)<ref> Likewise, in July 1999, Philip Morris began testing a new version of their best selling Marlboro menthol brand, in hopes of attracting more African American customers.<ref>(marketing 2)<ref> Companies found themselves capitalizing off the use of menthol in African American culture and directly targeted their products towards them. Exemplifying the capacity of this targeting practice, a 2008 study in California stated that the number of cigarette ads per store, and the proportion of stores with at least one ad for a sales promotion, increased more rapidly in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of African Americans.<ref>(marketing 1)<ref> In 2007 there were 2.6 times more tobacco advertisements per person in areas with an African American majority compared to white majority areas. Prior to the MSA ban on tobacco billboard advertising in 1999, there was a significant increase in tobacco related billboards in ethnic communities over white communities as well. <ref>(marketing 1)<ref> Billboards were located mostly in areas where there was a lower income and higher percentage of African Americans.<ref>(jstor 16)<ref> Here, there was a 70% higher odd that billboards were tobacco related. <ref>(marketing 1)<ref> In St. Louis alone, 20% of billboard advertising and four out of the five top brands was tobacco related. <ref>(jstor 16)<ref> In addition, magazine push for the advertisement of the mentholated cigarettes popular with African-Americans increased from 13% of total ad expenditures in 1998 to 49% in 2005.<ref>(Marketing 1)<ref> Moreover, recent studies have found that more cigarette ads are placed in African American magazines, such as Ebony and Jet, than magazines like ''Time'' and ''People''.<ref>(Marketing 1)<ref> Tobacco companies deliberately used research regarding African Americans and menthol to focus on a particular product of advertisement within African American communities. |
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====Results==== |
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As a result of targeting practices, the average African American adult has been exposed to about 892 ads and the youth, 559 ads.<ref>(marketing 1)<ref> In addition, among both adult and youth smokers, Newport, Kool and Marlboro are the most popular brands.<ref>(marketing 2)<ref> Moreover, about 42% of black adults smoke Newport while 80.4% of young African Americans smoke this brand.<ref>(marketing 2)<ref> This clearly shows the aggressive, targeted advertisement of methylated cigarettes by the tobacco companies has paid off. African Americans are the top consumer of all mentholated products. |
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====Hip-Hop Culture==== |
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Hip-hop culture took over the black community much like jazz had. Kool adopted images associated with hip-hop culture to continue to market their products to African Americans. As the African American community interests changed so did the images and slogans used by Kool such as using Hip-hop brands with popular disk jockeys emblazoned on the packs of "Kool menthol Caribbean chill" were used to entice minorities.<ref>(212, sweet and spicy)</ref> Many products were made just for African American consumers such as Marlboro Menthol Shorts which were advertised as being "exquisitely designed for the African American lung.<ref>(212, sweet and spicy)</ref> |
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The late 90s start sponsoring hip hop events and give out free cigarettes. An important marketing tool for tobacco companies was the corporate sponsorships for they served as both sales promotions and public relations functions. During the period 1995-99, tobacco companies sponsored at least 2733 events, programs, and organization s throughout the United States and the minimum total funding of these sponsorships was $365.4 million. the sponsorships involved numerous small, community based organizations that received funding and grants through larger umbrella organizations, many of these were part of the public health infrastructure. Due to this, public health practitioners need to develop better surveillance systems for monitoring tobacco sponsorships, to seek alternative funding sources for tobacco sponsored events and organizations, and to consider promoting a ban on tobacco sponsorship, possibly linking such regulation to the creation of alternative funding sources. <ref>(BU-jsotr 239)</ref> |
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However, using hip-hop culture had gotten the Kool brand in trouble. The attorney generals of New York, Maryland, and Illinois versus the Brown & Williamson Tobacco Co. over the marketing of Kool cigarettes. the lawsuits had asserted that the company's 2004 "Kool MIXX" promotion--which was billed by the company as a supposed celebration of Hip-hop music and culture--violated the 1998 tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) by targeting African American youth. The Kool Mixx campaign featured images of disc jockeys, young rappers, and dancers on cigarette packs and in advertising. All of the contests and events held appealed to the youth, especially African American.<ref>(Marketing 2)</ref> At the same time, B&W was introduction a new line of flavors using images of African Americans and theme appealing to them. <ref>(marketing 2)</ref> A settlement was reached with R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., which acquired the assets of Brown & Williamson in July. Under the settlement, R.J. Reynolds agreed to substantial limitations on all future "Kool MIXX" promotions, and agreed to pay $1.46 million to be used for youth smoking prevention purposes. "This settlement is important for two reasons. First, it sends a strong message to the tobacco industry that we will not tolerate efforts to market cigarettes to children," said Attorney General Spitzer. "Second, this is the first time that the industry has agreed to marketing limitations that are even stricter than those set forth in the MSA, which will be helpful in future enforcement efforts. Overall, this landmark settlement will reduce the number of children who start smoking, and thereby protect them from a lifetime of addiction and disease." "As the nation's leading cause of preventable death, tobacco kills over 45,000 African Americans each year. This campaign targeted a hip hop audience, including youth. I hope this settlement sends a strong message that kids are off-limits for tobacco companies," said Maryland Attorney General Joseph Curran.“Under the settlement, R.J. Reynolds agreed to significant restrictions on all future Kool MIXX promotions, including: |
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*Prohibiting use of the words "Kool," "Mixx" or "House of Menthol" on any merchandise; |
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*Prohibiting the use of Hip Hop songs and interactive games on the CD-ROM; |
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*Limiting the distribution of CD-ROMs to "adult-only" facilities and by mail to known adult smokers; |
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*Prohibiting the sale of "special edition" packs in retail stores, and instead limiting distribution to "adult-only" facilities; |
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*Prohibiting the separate "House of Menthol" website; and |
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*Ensuring that any "Kool MIXX" print advertisements are placed only in magazines with relatively low youth readership.”<ref>internet artic</ref> |
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===Social Mobility=== |
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Tobacco advertising to African Americans also reflected the classic ideas of the American dream.<ref>marketing 2</ref> Historically, African Americans were subject to less access than whites to the commodities which comprised this dream. On the heels of the Civil Rights movement and the mist of Vietnam, companies such as Kool took advantage of the new opportunities for African American upward mobility and marketed toward these desires. This opportunity for social mobility, while available was privy to everyone. middle class African Americans still found themselves making 10% less than the average white. <ref>jain</ref> In particular, inside the 1967 issue of Ebony magazine, "Negro Youth: Anger, Anxious and Aware," Kool seized the opportunity to market themselves as the glamorous alternative to reality.<ref>jain 304</ref> Behind a cover, "illustrating a broke brick wall," was an advertisement of luxury and leisure-"come up to the Kool taste". <ref>jain 305</ref> African Americans were very much concerned about their image as cool. <ref>jain 303</ref> tobacco advertisement directly played into this need by representing African Americans as happy, confident, successful and wealthy, in love, attractive, strong and independent.<ref>marketing 2</ref> This was opposite their normal portrayal of African Americans in the media. Ads instead represented an assimilation of aspirations;" males were tall, dark and handsome, females had light skin and straight hair.<ref>jain 305</ref> What was represented was more than a world full of leisure products that before the 1960s were used solely by white consumers, it attempted to portray a would utopia. The world was de-racialized exemplified in the Kool ad question mark. Not only did all ethnicities belong, they were successful and most importantly, smoked tobacco with one another. |
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==Additional Case== |
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===Brown vs. Philip Morris, Inc.=== |
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In the case of Brown versus Philip Morris, Inc., the Reverend Jesse Brown attempted to highlight the economic racism of cigarette marketing through a civil rights claim. The Brown complaint stated that the "Defendant have for many years targeted African Americans and their communities with specific advertising to lure them into using mentholated tobacco products."<ref>jain 296</ref> Brown raised the issues of discrimination, niche marketing, and the "staggering loss of life, premature disability, disease, illness, and economic loss" that were the result of the "Tobacco Companies international and racially discrimination fraudulent course of mis conduct."<ref>jain 296</ref> |
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Brown contended that menthol cigarettes contained enhanced dangers over other cigarettes. Brown began by explaining that the ingredient menthol contains compounds such as benzopyrene, which are carcinogenic when smoked. Second, he argued that mentholated cigarettes contain higher nicotine and tar levels than non-mentholated cigarettes. thirdly, Brown claimed that menthol encourages deeper and longer inhalation of tobacco smoke, increasing the addictive properties of the cigarette and decreasing the lung's ability to rid itself of carcinogenic components of smoke. Based on evidence submitted in Brown, mentholated cigarettes account for between 60-75 percent of the cigarettes smoked by African Americans--and 90 percent of African American youth who smoke, smoke menthols. |
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The case was dismissed by the United States court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in 2001. Most likely due to the fact that Reverend Brown brought this injury claim as a civil rights suit, providing a radical departure from defective products. By claiming transgression of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, originally written to protect recently freed slaves from a variety of discriminatory practices, the complainants of the Brown suit sought to show the unconstitutionality of targeting African Americans with defective products. The Brown complaint failed to take into consideration that the menthol cigarettes were still posing a threat to non-African American as well and that harm was being caused to more than just the African American community. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 16:20, 29 April 2010
New article name is Tobacco Marketing and African Americans
Introduction
Menthol
Menthol was used in medicinal practice for thousands of years.[1] Mentholation acts as a mild anesthetic and numbs the throat to the harsh elements of tobacco smoke and thus allows a deeper and longer inhalation.[2] B&W launched a mentholated Kool in 1993 and priced it at $0.15, 25 cents cheaper then spud. [3]