Amaranth (dye): Difference between revisions
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'''Amaranth''', '''FD&C Red No. 2''', '''E123''', '''C.I. Food Red 9''', '''Acid Red 27''', '''Azorubin S''', or '''C.I. 16185''', is a dark red to purple [[azo dye]] once used as a [[food dye]] and to color [[cosmetics]], but since 1976 it has been banned in the United States by the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) as it is a suspected [[carcinogen]]. |
'''Amaranth''', '''FD&C Red No. 2''', '''E123''', '''C.I. Food Red 9''', '''Acid Red 27''', '''Azorubin S''', or '''C.I. 16185''', is a dark red to purple [[azo dye]] once used as a [[food dye]] and to color [[cosmetics]], but since 1976 it has been banned in the United States by the [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) as it is a suspected [[carcinogen]].<ref>"The following color additives are not authorized for use in food products in the United States: (1) Amaranth (C.I. 16185, EEC No. E123, formerly certifiable as FD&C red No. 2);" [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/cp03803.html FDA/CFSAN Food Compliance Program: Domestic Food Safety Program]</ref> It usually comes as a trisodium [[salt (chemistry)|salt]]. It has the appearance of reddish-brown, dark red to purple water-soluble powder that decomposes at 120 °C without melting. Its water solution has absorption maximum at about 520 nm.<ref>[http://www.druglead.com/cds/amaranth-dye.html Druglead]</ref> Amaranth is an anionic dye. It can be applied to natural and synthetic [[fiber]]s, [[leather]], [[paper]], and [[phenol-formaldehyde resin]]s. As a [[food additive]] it has [[E number]] E123. Like all azo dyes, Amaranth was, during the middle of the 20th century, made from [[coal tar]]; modern synthetics are more likely to be made from petroleum byproducts.<ref>[http://www.lookcut.com/tools/food-additives/amaranth-e123.html Amaranth E123]</ref><ref>[http://www.craftsman-style.info/finishing/014-aniline.htm Craftsman Style]</ref> Amaranth's use is still legal in some countries, notably in the [[United Kingdom]] where it is most commonly used to give [[Glacé cherries]] their distinctive colour. Its name was taken from [[Amaranth grain]], a plant distinguished by its red color and edible protein-rich seed seeds. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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After an incident in 1954 involving FD&C Orange number 1,<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=ob4PAAAAIAAJ&q=FD%26C+Orange+number+1+Halloween+candy&dq=FD%26C+Orange+number+1+Halloween+candy&hl=en&ei=194aTMb7JIvmnAfN1e20Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA Google Books News]</ref><ref name=Toxicology/> the FDA retested food colors. In 1960 the FDA was given jurisdiction over color additives, limiting the amounts that could be added to foods and requiring producers of food color to ensure safety and proper labeling of colors. Permission to use food additives was given on a provisional basis, which could be withdrawn should safety issues arise.<ref name=Toxicology/> The FDA gave "[[generally recognized as safe]]" (GRAS) provisional status to substances already in use, and extended Red No. 2's provisional status 14 times. |
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In 1960 the FDA was given jurisdiction over color additives and gave "[[generally recognized as safe]]" (GRAS) provisional status to substances already in use. The agency extended Red No. 2's provisional status 14 times. In 1971 a Russian study linked cancer to the dye and [[Consumer activism|consumer activists]] in the [[United States]] put pressure on the FDA to ban it.<ref name=time/> By 1976 over 1 million pounds of the dye worth $5 million was used as a colorant in $10 billion worth of foods, drugs and cosmetics.<ref name=time/> The FDA banned FD&C Red No. 2 in 1976.<ref name=time>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Death of a Dye |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945520,00.html |quote=The FDA's most recent tests showed a significant increase in cancer among aged female rats that had been fed large doses of the dye. Commissioner Alexander Schmidt stressed that the FDA found "no evidence of a public health hazard" from products made with the dye. |work=[[Time magazine]] |date=February 2, 1976 |accessdate=2009-07-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Burger Backs Red Dye Ban Pending Rule |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/959307712.html?dids=959307712:959307712&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Feb+14%2C+1976&author=&pub=The+Hartford+Courant&desc=Burger+Backs+Red+Dye+Ban+Pending+Rule&pqatl=google|quote=Chief Justice Warren E. Burger Friday refused to lift the government ban on use of Red No. 2, the popular dye, pending a lower court ruling on whether the ban will be permanent. |work=[[The Hartford Courant]] |date=February 14, 1976 |accessdate=2009-07-07 }}</ref> [[Allura Red AC|FD&C Red No. 40]] (Allura Red AC) replaced the banned Red No. 2. |
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In 1971 a Russian study linked cancer to the dye.<ref name=Toxicology>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=zqLLa-MI8k0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Toxicology+Omaye&hl=en&ei=bdsaTMehNtONnQf1ye20Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Amaranth&f=false | title= Food and nutritional toxicology |author= Stanley T. Omaye}}</ref> By 1976 over 1 million pounds of the dye worth $5 million was used as a colorant in $10 billion worth of foods, drugs and cosmetics.<ref name=time/> [[Consumer activism|Consumer activists]] in the [[United States]], perturbed by what they perceived as collusion between the FDA and food conglomerates,<ref name=NewSci/> put pressure on the FDA to ban it.<ref name=time/> FDA Commissioner [[Alexander Schmidt]] defended the dye, as he had earlier defended the FDA against collusion accusations in his 1975 book,<ref name=NewSci>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=0C1mPFyQYloC&pg=PA600&dq=Alexander+Schmidt+FDA+no+evidence&hl=en&ei=neUaTOf9GdnsnQfFvpC1Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Alexander%20Schmidt%20FDA%20no%20evidence&f=false |title= FDA in difficulties |work=Washington View |publisher=New Scientist |date= Dec 1975}}</ref> stating that the FDA found "no evidence of a public health hazard".<ref name=time/> Testing by the FDA found no undeniable proof of a health hazard, but did find a statistically significant incidence of malignant tumors caused by the dye in female rats,<ref name=Toxicology/> and concluded that since there could also no longer be a presumption of safety, that use of the dye should be discontinued.<ref name=Toxicology/> The FDA banned FD&C Red No. 2 in 1976.<ref name=time>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Death of a Dye |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945520,00.html |work=[[Time magazine]] |date=February 2, 1976 |accessdate=2009-07-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Burger Backs Red Dye Ban Pending Rule |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/959307712.html?dids=959307712:959307712&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Feb+14%2C+1976&author=&pub=The+Hartford+Courant&desc=Burger+Backs+Red+Dye+Ban+Pending+Rule&pqatl=google |work=[[The Hartford Courant]] |date=February 14, 1976 |accessdate=2009-07-07 }}</ref> [[Allura Red AC|FD&C Red No. 40]] (Allura Red AC) replaced the banned Red No. 2. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 04:26, 18 June 2010
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| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC names
trisodium (4E)-3-oxo-4-[(4-
sulfonato-1- naphthyl)hydrazono]naphthalene- 2,7-disulfonate | |
| Other names
FD&C Red No. 2,
E123, C.I. Food Red 9, Acid Red 27, Azorubin S, C.I. 16185 | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
|
|
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.011.839 |
| E number | E123 (colours) |
PubChem CID
|
|
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
|
|
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| C20H11N2Na3O10S3 | |
| Molar mass | 604.47305 |
| Appearance | Dark red solid |
| Melting point | 120 °C (decomposes) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
| |
Amaranth, FD&C Red No. 2, E123, C.I. Food Red 9, Acid Red 27, Azorubin S, or C.I. 16185, is a dark red to purple azo dye once used as a food dye and to color cosmetics, but since 1976 it has been banned in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as it is a suspected carcinogen.[1] It usually comes as a trisodium salt. It has the appearance of reddish-brown, dark red to purple water-soluble powder that decomposes at 120 °C without melting. Its water solution has absorption maximum at about 520 nm.[2] Amaranth is an anionic dye. It can be applied to natural and synthetic fibers, leather, paper, and phenol-formaldehyde resins. As a food additive it has E number E123. Like all azo dyes, Amaranth was, during the middle of the 20th century, made from coal tar; modern synthetics are more likely to be made from petroleum byproducts.[3][4] Amaranth's use is still legal in some countries, notably in the United Kingdom where it is most commonly used to give Glacé cherries their distinctive colour. Its name was taken from Amaranth grain, a plant distinguished by its red color and edible protein-rich seed seeds.
History
After an incident in 1954 involving FD&C Orange number 1,[5][6] the FDA retested food colors. In 1960 the FDA was given jurisdiction over color additives, limiting the amounts that could be added to foods and requiring producers of food color to ensure safety and proper labeling of colors. Permission to use food additives was given on a provisional basis, which could be withdrawn should safety issues arise.[6] The FDA gave "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) provisional status to substances already in use, and extended Red No. 2's provisional status 14 times.
In 1971 a Russian study linked cancer to the dye.[6] By 1976 over 1 million pounds of the dye worth $5 million was used as a colorant in $10 billion worth of foods, drugs and cosmetics.[7] Consumer activists in the United States, perturbed by what they perceived as collusion between the FDA and food conglomerates,[8] put pressure on the FDA to ban it.[7] FDA Commissioner Alexander Schmidt defended the dye, as he had earlier defended the FDA against collusion accusations in his 1975 book,[8] stating that the FDA found "no evidence of a public health hazard".[7] Testing by the FDA found no undeniable proof of a health hazard, but did find a statistically significant incidence of malignant tumors caused by the dye in female rats,[6] and concluded that since there could also no longer be a presumption of safety, that use of the dye should be discontinued.[6] The FDA banned FD&C Red No. 2 in 1976.[7][9] FD&C Red No. 40 (Allura Red AC) replaced the banned Red No. 2.
References
- ^ "The following color additives are not authorized for use in food products in the United States: (1) Amaranth (C.I. 16185, EEC No. E123, formerly certifiable as FD&C red No. 2);" FDA/CFSAN Food Compliance Program: Domestic Food Safety Program
- ^ Druglead
- ^ Amaranth E123
- ^ Craftsman Style
- ^ Google Books News
- ^ a b c d e Stanley T. Omaye. Food and nutritional toxicology.
- ^ a b c d "Death of a Dye". Time magazine. February 2, 1976. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ a b FDA in difficulties. New Scientist. Dec 1975.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ "Burger Backs Red Dye Ban Pending Rule". The Hartford Courant. February 14, 1976. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
{{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help)