Samuel Wendell Williston: Difference between revisions
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==Theories== |
==Theories== |
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Williston noticed that, over evolutionary time, the modular and serially repeated parts distinguishing animal groups exhibited trends in numbers and types. For instance, ancient vertebrates were characterized by mouths that contained |
Williston noticed that, over evolutionary time, the modular and serially repeated parts distinguishing animal groups exhibited trends in numbers and types. For instance, ancient vertebrates were characterized by mouths that contained mostly similar teeth, whereas recent vertebrates are characterized by mouths that contain many different teeth, adapted for biting, tearing, and compacting food; differences ultimately characterized different diets, with carnivores bearing incisors and canines and grazers bearing mostly molars. So pronounced were these trends that Williston (1914) declared that “it is also a law in evolution that the parts in an organism tend toward reduction in number, with the fewer parts greatly specialized in function”.<ref>{{cite book|last=Williston|first=Samuel Wendall|title= Water Reptiles of the Past and Present|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=1914}}</ref> |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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Revision as of 19:18, 11 October 2010
Samuel Wendell Williston | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | July 10, 1851 |
| Died | August 30, 1918 (aged 67) |
| Nationality | USA |
| Citizenship | United States |
| Alma mater | Kansas State Agricultural College Yale University |
| Known for | Allosaurus, Diplodocus, illustrations, terrestrial origin of bird flight |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Paleontology |
| Institutions | Yale University University of Kansas University of Chicago |
Samuel Wendell Williston (July 10, 1851 – August 30, 1918) was an American educator and paleontologist who was the first to propose that birds developed flight cursorially (by running), rather than arboreally (by leaping from tree to tree). He was also an entomologist , specialising in Diptera.
Biography
Early life
Williston was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Samuel Williston and Jane A. Williston née Turner. As a young child, Williston's family travelled to Kansas Territory in 1857 under the auspices of the New England Emigrant Aid Company to help fight the extension of slavery. He was raised in Manhattan, Kansas, attended public high school there, and graduated from Kansas State Agricultural College (now Kansas State University) in 1872, afterwards receiving a Magister Artium from that institution.[1]
In 1874, he went on his first field fossil hunting expedition for Othniel Charles Marsh at Yale University under the mentorship of Benjamin Franklin Mudge, and led his first expedition in 1877.[2] With Mudge, Williston discovered the first fossils of the Allosaurus and Diplodocus dinosaurs. He was noted for painstakingly illustrating the finds. In 1880, he matriculated to Yale University, for several years was a post-graduate student and faculty member. Around this time, he proposed the first explicit model for the terrestrial origin of bird flight (i.e., that dinosaurs developed flight by running along the ground rather than jumping from trees).
Williston returned to Kansas in 1890, to take a position on the faculty at the University of Kansas as a professor of geology and anatomy.[1] In 1899, he was named the first Dean of the new School of Medicine at KU. He was also a member of the state boards of health and medical examiners. In 1902, Williston left Kansas again, and took the chair of paleontology at the University of Chicago.
Williston was a fellow of the Geological Society of America and foreign correspondent for the London Geological and Zoölogical societies. He was president of the Kansas Academy of Science, and in 1903 became president of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. He was the author of several books, and the Smithsonian Institution now administers an endowment fund in his name.
Theories
Williston noticed that, over evolutionary time, the modular and serially repeated parts distinguishing animal groups exhibited trends in numbers and types. For instance, ancient vertebrates were characterized by mouths that contained mostly similar teeth, whereas recent vertebrates are characterized by mouths that contain many different teeth, adapted for biting, tearing, and compacting food; differences ultimately characterized different diets, with carnivores bearing incisors and canines and grazers bearing mostly molars. So pronounced were these trends that Williston (1914) declared that “it is also a law in evolution that the parts in an organism tend toward reduction in number, with the fewer parts greatly specialized in function”.[3]
Notes
References
- Blackmar, Frank W. (1912). Kansas: an encyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc., volume II. Chicago, Illinois: Standard Publishing Company.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) Transcribed here. - Shor, Elizabeth (1971). Fossils and Flies: The Life of a Compleat Scientist Samuel Wendell Williston. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0949-1.
External links
- Excerpts from A Brief History of Fossil Collecting in the Niobrara Chalk prior to 1900, (1898).