Woodcock: Difference between revisions
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{{About|birds}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = Woodcocks |
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| image = American Woodcock Scolopax minor.jpg |
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| image_width = 240px |
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| image_caption = [[American Woodcock]] (''S. minor'') |
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| regnum = [[Animalia]] |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[Aves]] |
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| subclassis = [[Neornithes]] |
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| infraclassis = [[Neognathae]] |
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| superordo = [[Neoaves]] |
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| ordo = [[Charadriiformes]] |
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| subordo = Scolopaci<!-- monotypic - don't link --> |
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| familia = [[Scolopacidae]] |
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| genus = '''''Scolopax''''' |
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 |
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| diversity_link = #Species |
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| diversity = 7-8 living [[species]] |
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}} |
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The '''woodcocks''' are a group of seven or eight very similar living [[species]] of [[wader|wading]] [[bird]]s in the [[genus]] '''''Scolopax'''''. Only two woodcocks are widespread, the others being localized island [[endemism|endemics]]. Most are found in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] but a few range into [[Wallacea]]. Their closest relatives are the typical [[snipe]]s of the genus ''[[Gallinago]]''.<ref>Hayman ''et al.'' (1986), Thomas ''et al.'' (2004)</ref> |
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==Description, ecology and use by humans== |
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[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - A dead deer and dead game.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Two [[Eurasian Woodcock]]s (''Scolopax rusticola'') lie behind the [[hare]]s in [[Václav Hollar]]'s 17th century [[etching]] ''A dead deer and dead game'']] |
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Woodcocks have stocky bodies, [[crypsis|cryptic]] brown and blackish plumage and long slender bills. Their eyes are located on the sides of their heads, which gives them 360° vision.<ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/647536/woodcock</ref> Unlike in most birds, the tip of the bill's [[upper mandible]] is flexible.<ref>Mousley (1934), Hayman ''et al.'' (1986), McKelvie (1993)</ref> |
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As their common name implies, the woodcocks are woodland birds. They feed at night or in the evenings, searching for invertebrates in soft ground with their long bills. This habit and their unobtrusive plumage makes it difficult to see them when they are resting in the day. Most have distinctive displays known as "roding", usually given at dawn or dusk.<ref>Hayman ''et al.'' (1986), McKelvie (1993), Kennedy ''et al.'' (2001)</ref> |
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All woodcocks are popular [[gamebird]]s; the island endemic species are often quite rare already due to [[overhunting]]. The pin feathers of the woodcock are much esteemed as [[brush]]tips by [[artist]]s, who use them for fine painting work.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Landscape Painter's Essential Handbook |first=Joe Francis |last=Dowden |year=2007 |isbn=0715325019 |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot, UK |page=7 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gUQg0huiybkC&dq=woodcock+feather+brush+painting&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><!-- McKelvie (1993)? --> The pin feather is the most recently formed feather and found at the joint in the middle of the wing. |
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==Species== |
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The following species of woodcocks are extant today:<ref>Hayman ''et al.'' (1986), Kennedy ''et al.'' (2001)</ref> |
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* [[Eurasian Woodcock]], ''Scolopax rusticola'' (large Eurasian range) |
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* [[Amami Woodcock]], ''Scolopax mira'' (endemic to islands in Japan) |
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* [[Bukidnon Woodcock]], ''Scolopax bukidnonensis'' (endemic to islands in the Philippines) |
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* [[Dusky Woodcock]], ''Scolopax saturata'' (endemic to islands in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea) |
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** New Guinea Woodcock, ''Scolopax (saturata) rosenbergii'' |
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* [[Sulawesi Woodcock]], ''Scolopax celebensis'' (endemic to an island in Indonesia) |
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* [[Moluccan Woodcock]], ''Scolopax rochussenii'' (endemic to islands in Indonesia) |
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* [[American Woodcock]], ''Scolopax minor'' (large North American range) |
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===Fossil record=== |
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A number of woodcocks are [[extinct]] and are known only from [[fossil]] or [[subfossil]] bones. Due to their close relationship to the ''[[Gallinago]]'' [[snipe]]s, the woodcocks are a fairly young group of birds, even considering that the [[Charadriiformes]] themselves are an ancient lineage. ''Gallinago'' and ''Scolopax'' diverged probably around the [[Late Miocene]] some 10-5 [[million years ago]]. |
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* "Scolopax baranensis"<!-- not italicized: nomen nudum --> (fossil, Early Pliocene of Hungary; a ''[[nomen nudum]]'')<!-- Condor101:909 --> |
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* ''Scolopax carmesinae'' (fossil, Early/Middle Pliocene? of Menorca, Mediterranean)<!-- AnuOrnitolBalears16:3; *Condor101:909 --> |
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* ''Scolopax hutchensi'' (fossil, Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Florida, USA) |
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* [[Puerto Rican Woodcock]], ''[[Scolopax anthonyi]]'' ([[Late Quaternary prehistoric birds|prehistoric]])<!-- Condor101:909 --> |
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==Footnotes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==References== |
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{{commons category|Scolopax}} |
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* {{aut|Hayman, Peter; Marchant, John & Prater, Tony}} (1986): ''Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world''. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. <small>ISBN 0-395-60237-8</small> |
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* {{aut|Kennedy, Robert S.; Fisher, Timothy H.; Harrap, Simon C.B.; Diesmos, Arvin C: & Manamtam, Arturo S.}} (2001): A new species of woodcock from the Philippines and a re-evaluation of other Asian/Papuasian woodcock [''[[sic]]'']. ''[[Forktail (journal)|Forktail]]'' '''17'''(1): 1-12. [http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/publications/forktail/17pdfs/Kennedy-Woodcock.pdf PDF fulltext] |
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* {{aut|McKelvie, Colin Laurie}} (1993): ''Woodcock and Snipe: Conservation and Sport''. Swan Hill. |
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* {{aut|Mousley, H.}} (1934): The earliest (1805) unpublished drawings of the flexibility of the upper mandible of the woodcock's bill. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''51'''(3): 297-301. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v051n03/DJVU/P0297-P0301.djvu DjVu fulltext] [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v051n03/p0297-p0301.pdf PDF fulltext] |
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* {{aut|Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás}} (2004): A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. ''[[BMC journals|BMC Evol. Biol.]]'' '''4''': 28. <small>{{doi|10.1186/1471-2148-4-28}}</small> [http://www.pubmedcentral.org/picrender.fcgi?artid=515296&blobtype=pdf PDF fulltext] [http://www.pubmedcentral.org/articlerender.fcgi?artid=515296#supplementary-material-sec Supplementary Material] |
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[[Category:Scolopax| ]] |
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[[Category:Wading birds]] |
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[[br:Kefeleg-koad]] |
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[[ca:Scolopax]] |
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[[cv:Кăрăпчак]] |
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[[es:Scolopax]] |
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[[eo:Skolopo]] |
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[[fa:ابیا]] |
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[[fr:Bécasse]] |
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[[io:Bekaso]] |
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[[it:Scolopax]] |
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[[hu:Scolopax]] |
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[[nl:Scolopax]] |
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[[no:Rugder]] |
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[[pl:Słonki (ptaki)]] |
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[[ru:Вальдшнепы]] |
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[[sah:Обот үгүрүөлэр уустара]] |
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[[sr:Шљука]] |
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[[fi:Lehtokurpat]] |
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Revision as of 14:06, 23 November 2010
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