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<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout, and guidelines. -->
{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
|name = X-37
|image = File:X-37 upright.jpg
|caption = X-37B being prepared for launch
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type = [[Spaceplane]]
|national origin = [[United States]]
|manufacturer = [[Boeing]]
|designer = <!--Only appropriate for single designers, not project leaders.-->
|first flight = April 7, 2006 (drop test);<br /> April 22 - December 3, 2010 (first spaceflight)
|introduction = <!--Date the aircraft entered or will enter military or revenue service-->
|retired = <!--Date the aircraft left service. If vague or more than a few dates, skip this -->
|status = Development and testing, one spaceflight completed
|primary user = [[NASA]]/[[DARPA]] (X-37A)
|more users = [[United States Air Force|USAF]] (X-37B)
|produced = <!--Years in production (eg. 1970-1999) if still in active use but no longer built -->
|number built = 1
|program cost = <!--Total program cost-->
|unit cost = <!--Incremental or flyaway cost for military or retail price for commercial aircraft-->
|developed from = [[Boeing X-40]]
|variants with their own articles = <!--Variants OF this aircraft-->
}}
|}

The '''Boeing X-37''' Orbital Test Vehicle is an [[United States|American]] [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|unmanned]] [[spaceplane]]. It is operated by the [[United States Air Force]] for orbital [[Spaceflight#Earth-launched spaceflight|spaceflight]] missions intended to demonstrate reusable space technologies.<ref name=USAF_factsh/> The X-37 is a reusable [[robotic spacecraft]] that is a 120% scaled derivative of the [[Boeing X-40|X-40A]]. It has a length of over 29 feet and features two angled tail fins.

The X-37 began as a [[NASA]] project in 1999, then was transferred to the [[United States Department of Defense|U.S. Department of Defense]] in 2004. It had its first flight as a drop test on April 7, 2006, at [[Edwards Air Force Base|Edwards AFB]]. The spaceplane's first [[USA-212|orbital mission, USA-212]] was launched on April 22, 2010 using an [[Atlas V]] rocket.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1268138/X-37B-unmanned-space-shuttle-launched-tonight.html |title=Star Wars 2010? U.S. military launch space plane on maiden voyage... but its mission is top secret |newspaper=Daily Mail |date= April 23, 2010 }}.</ref> Its return to Earth on December 3, 2010,<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20101204/ap_on_bi_ge/us_mystery_spacecraft Unmanned US spacecraft returns after 7-month trip], Associated Press story, Yahoo News, December 3, 2010.</ref> was the first test of the vehicle's heat shield and hypersonic aerodynamic handling.

==Development==
In 1999, [[NASA]] selected [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security|Boeing Integrated Defense Systems]] to design and develop the vehicle, which was built by the [[California]] branch of Boeing's [[Boeing Phantom Works|Phantom Works]]. Over a four year period NASA contributed $109 million, the Air Force $16 million, and Boeing $67 million to the project. At the end of 2002, a new $301 million contract was awarded to Boeing in the framework of NASA's Space Launch Initiative.<ref name="AFRoundtable20100423">{{cite web |url=http://www.msfc.nasa.gov/NEWSROOM/background/facts/x37-historical.pdf|title=X-37 historical fact sheet |date=September 2003|accessdate=2010-04-23 |publisher=NASA}}</ref>

The X-37 was transferred from NASA to the [[DARPA|Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) on September 13, 2004.<ref>Berger, Brian. [http://www.space.com/news/x37_darpa_040915.html "NASA Transfers X-37 Project to DARPA"]. Space.com, September 15, 2004.</ref> The program has become a [[Classified information in the United States|classified project]], though it is not known whether DARPA will maintain this status for the project. NASA's spaceflight program may be centered around the [[Crew Exploration Vehicle]], while DARPA will promote the X-37 as part of the independent space policy that the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] has pursued since the [[STS-51-L|''Challenger'' disaster]].

The X-37 was originally designed to be carried into orbit in the [[Space Shuttle]] cargo bay, but underwent redesign for launch on a [[Delta IV]] or comparable [[Launch vehicle|rocket]] after it was determined that a shuttle flight would be uneconomical. The X-37's aerodynamic design was derived from the Space Shuttle, hence the X-37 has a similar lift-to-drag ratio, and a lower cross range at high altitudes and mach numbers than the [[DARPA Falcon Project|Hypersonic Technology Vehicle]].<ref name="AFRoundtable20100423">{{cite web |url=http://www.dodlive.mil/index.php/tag/x-37b-orbital-test-vehicle/ |title=Air Force Bloggers Roundtable: Air Force set to launch first X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle |date= April 20, 2010 |accessdate=2010-04-23 |publisher=Department of Defense }}</ref>

As part of its Space Support mission goals, X-37 was designed to rendezvous with friendly satellites to refuel them, or to replace failed solar arrays using a robotic arm. Its payload could also support Space Control (Defensive Counter-Space, Offensive Counter-Space), Force Enhancement and Force Application.<ref name="USAF_CollMaxwell"/>

===Drop test===
The vehicle that was used as an atmospheric drop test [[glider aircraft|glider]] had no propulsion system. Instead of an operational vehicle's payload bay doors it had an enclosed and reinforced upper [[fuselage]] structure to allow it to be mated with a mothership. In September 2004, it was reported that for its initial atmospheric drop tests the X-37 would be launched from the [[Scaled Composites White Knight]], a high-altitude research aircraft.<ref>Berger, Brian. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6001932/ "DARPA takes on space plane project"]. MSNBC, September 16, 2004.</ref>

On June 21, 2005, the X-37 completed a captive-carry flight underneath the White Knight from [[Mojave Air & Space Port|Mojave Spaceport]], [[Mojave, California]].<ref name="CNN_23_June_2005">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/TECH/space/06/23/white.knight/index.html |title=White Knight carries X-37 aloft |publisher=CNN |date=2005-06-23 |author=Leonard David}}</ref> Through the second half of 2005, the X-37 underwent structural upgrades including reinforcement of the [[Undercarriage|nose wheel]] supports. Further captive-carry flight tests and the first drop test were expected mid-February 2006. The X-37's public debut was scheduled for its first free flight on March 10, 2006, but was canceled due to an Arctic storm.<ref name="mojave">{{cite web|url=http://www.mojaveweblog.com/ |title=Mojave web log entries on mojaveweblog.com (archive.org) |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-23 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060604074814/http://www.mojaveweblog.com/ |archivedate = 2006-06-04}}</ref> The next attempt at flight on March 15, 2006, was canceled due to high winds.<ref name="mojave" />

On March 24, 2006, the X-37 flew, but a data link failure prevented the free flight and the vehicle returned to the ground still docked with its White Knight carrier. On April 7, 2006, the X-37 made its first free glide flight. During landing, the vehicle overran the runway and it sustained minor damage.<ref>David, Leonard. [http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/060407_x37_drop.html "X-37 Flies At Mojave But Encounters Landing Problems"]. Space.com, April 7, 2006.</ref>

Following an extended down time while the vehicle was repaired, the program moved from Mojave to Air Force [[Plant 42]] (KPMD) in [[Palmdale, California]] for the remainder of the flight test program. White Knight continued to be based at Mojave, but would ferry over to Plant 42 when flights were scheduled. Five additional flights were performed,<ref>Source of flights: mission markings posted on side of White Knight</ref> two of which resulted in the vehicle being dropped and making a successful [[landing]]. These free flights occurred on August 18, 2006, and September 26, 2006.<ref>Video released by Air Force on YouTube [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxJzPngPMo4 "X-37 Test Flight B-Roll (No Audio)"] April 22, 2010</ref>

===X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle===
[[Image:X-37 spacecraft, artist's rendition.jpeg||thumb|right|X-37 spacecraft, artist's rendering from 1999]]

On November 17, 2006, the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] announced it would develop the X-37B from the NASA X-37A. The Air Force version is designated X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV). The OTV program builds on industry and government investments by DARPA, NASA and the Air Force. The X-37B effort will be led by Lieutenant Colonel [[Troy Giese]] of the [[United States Air Force#Rapid Capabilities Office|Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office]], and includes partnerships with NASA and the [[Air Force Research Laboratory]]. Boeing is the prime contractor for the OTV program.<ref name="X-37B_space.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/news/061117_x27b_otv.html |title=U.S. Air Force Pushes For Orbital Test Vehicle |last= David |first= Leonard |date= November 17, 2006 |accessdate=2006-11-17 |work=Space.com }}</ref> The X-37B can remain in orbit for up to 270 days at a time.<ref name="sfnfeb">Clark, Stephen (2010). [http://spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av012/100225x37arrival/ "Air Force X-37B spaceplane arrives in Florida for launch"]. Spaceflight Now, February 25, 2010. Retrieved: March 3, 2010.</ref>

The [[Secretary of the Air Force]] states the OTV program will focus on "risk reduction, experimentation, and operational concept development for reusable space vehicle technologies, in support of long term developmental space objectives."<ref name="X-37B_space.com"/>

The X-37B was originally scheduled for launch in the payload bay of the Space Shuttle, but following the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|''Columbia'' accident]], it was transferred to a [[Delta II]] 7920. It was subsequently transferred to a shrouded configuration on the [[Atlas V]] following concerns over the unshrouded spacecraft's [[aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] properties during launch.<ref name="GSP">{{cite web |url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/x-37.htm |title=X-37B |publisher=Gunter's Space Page |first=Gunter |last=Krebs |accessdate=2008-08-05}}</ref>

The first orbital flight of the first X-37B, named [[USA-212]], was launched on an Atlas V rocket at [[Cape Canaveral Air Force Station]], Florida on April 22, 2010, at 23:58 GMT. The spacecraft was placed into [[low Earth orbit]] for testing.<ref name="spaceplane to orbit">Clark, Stephen. [http://spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av012/100422launch/ "Atlas rocket delivers Air Force spaceplane to orbit"]. Spaceflight Now, April 22, 2010.</ref>

While the U.S. Air Force revealed few orbital details after the first X-37B was successfully placed in orbit due to the secretive nature of the mission, amateur astronomers claimed to have identified the experimental spacecraft in orbit and shared their findings. A worldwide network of amateur astronomers reportedly determined, as of May 22, 2010, that it was in an inclination of 39.99 degrees, circling the Earth once every 90 minutes in an orbit {{convert|401|by|422|km}}.<ref name="Space Plane Spotted">David, Leonard (May 22, 2010). [http://www.space.com/news/secret-x-37-b-space-plane-spotted-by-amateur-astronomers-100522.html "Secret X-37B Space Plane Spotted by Amateur Skywatchers"]. space.com</ref><ref name="Amateur astronomers unravel">news.com.au (May 24, 2010). [http://www.news.com.au/technology/amateur-astronomers-unravel-x37-b-orbit-say-likely-use-for-deploying-spy-satellites/story-e6frfro0-1225870574214 "Amateur astronomers unravel X37-B orbit, say likely use for deploying spy satellites"]</ref>

Following their missions, X-37B spacecraft are to land on a runway at [[Vandenberg Air Force Base]], California, with [[Edwards Air Force Base]] as an alternate site.<ref>Covault, Craig. [http://www.aviationnow.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/aw080408p2.xml&headline=USAF%20To%20Launch%20First%20Spaceplane%20Demonstrator&channel=awst "USAF To Launch First Spaceplane Demonstrator"]. ''Aviation Week and Space Technology'', August 3, 2008.</ref> A second X-37B is being manufactured for a test mission scheduled for 2011.<ref name="spaceplane to orbit"/><ref>Clark, Stephen. [http://www.spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av012/100402x37update/ "Air Force spaceplane is an odd bird with a twisted past"]. Spaceflight Now. April 2, 2010. Retrieved: April 3, 2010.</ref>

The ''[[China Daily]]'' newspaper wrote that the X-37B program raised concerns about an arms race in space.<ref>{{cite news |author=Xin Dingding |coauthors= |title=US spacecraft sparks arms race concerns |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2010-04/24/content_9770149.htm |quote= |work=[[China Daily]] |date= April 24, 2010 |accessdate= July 15, 2010 }}</ref> The [[Xinhua News Agency]] took a more moderate tone in questioning if the secretive program might lead to weapons in space.<ref>{{cite news |author=Zhang Xiang |coauthors= |title=U.S. military launches unmanned "space plane" |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-04/23/c_13263726.htm |quote= |work=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |date= April 23, 2010 |accessdate= July 15, 2010 }}</ref> The Pentagon has strongly denied claims that the X-37B's mission supports the development of space-based weapons. A group of amateur sky watchers with members around the globe has concluded that the spacecraft's mission is to support space-based surveillance and reconnaissance technology; they reported the X-37B's track took it over North Korea, Afghanistan and other trouble spots. According to them, the spacecraft passes over the same given spot on Earth every four days, and operates at altitude of {{convert|255|mi}}, which would be typical for a military surveillance satellite.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/23/science/space/23secret.html?hp "Surveillance Is Suspected as Spacecraft’s Main Role"]. New York Times on-line, May 21, 2010. Retrieved: May 22. 2010.</ref>

[[File:Boeing X-37B after landing at Vandenberg AFB, 3 December 2010.jpg|thumb|right|The X-37B sits on the runway at Vandenberg AFB]]

The U.S. Air Force announced on November 30, 2010, that the X-37 would return for a landing during the December 3-6 timeframe.<ref>[http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123232786 "Preparations underway for first landing of X-37B"]. U.S. Air Force, November 30, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory?id=12280571</ref><ref>[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/awx/2010/11/30/awx_11_30_2010_p0-273133.xml&headline=USAF%20X-37B%20Landing%20Slated%20for%20Dec.%203-6&channel=space "USAF X-37B Landing Slated for Dec. 3-6"]. ''Aviation Week'', November 30, 2010.</ref> As scheduled, the X-37B de-orbited, reentered Earth's atmosphere, and landed at Vandenberg AFB on December 3, 2010, at 1:16 a.m. PST (0916 UTC).<ref>Clark, Stephen. [http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1012/03x37landing/ "Home again: U.S. military space plane returns to Earth"]. Spaceflight Now, December 3, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11911335 "X-37B US miltary spaceplane returns to Earth"]. BBC, December 3, 2010.</ref>

==Design==

The X-37 is expected to operate in a velocity range of up to [[Mach number|Mach 25]] on reentry. Among the technologies to be demonstrated with the X-37 are improved thermal protection systems, [[avionics]], the autonomous [[guidance system]], and an advanced [[airframe]]. The vehicle is powered by a [[Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne|Rocketdyne]] AR2-3 engine.<ref>[http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/boeing-x37/ Boeing X-37 Technology Demonstrator, USA]. airforce-technology.com</ref> The AR2-3 was the human-rated rocket powerplant for the dual-power [[Lockheed NF-104A|NF-104A]] astronaut training vehicle and was given a new flight certification for use on the X-37 with [[hydrogen peroxide]]/[[JP-8]] propellants.<ref>Bartt Hebert, SDC Operations. [http://sscfreedom.ssc.nasa.gov/etd/ETDPropulsionSS_H2O2AR23.asp "Peroxide (H2O2) Test Programs, AR2-3 Flight Certification"]. NASA Engineering and Test Directorate, July 24, 2009.</ref> The X-37B now uses a [[hydrazine]] [[monopropellant rocket]].<ref name="AF press conference"/>

The X-37 has a payload bay available for experiments and other space payloads. It features [[Atmospheric reentry#Thermal protection systems|thermal protection systems]] that are improved from previous generations of spacecraft.<ref name="USAF_CollMaxwell"/> The thermal protection system uses improved silica ceramic tiles.<ref name="AF press conference">{{cite web |url=http://www.defense.gov/Blog_files/Blog_assets/PaytonX-37.pdf |title=Mr. Gary Payton, Under Secretary of the Air Force for Space Programs, Media Teleconference (Pentagon), X-37B Launch |format=PDF |work=Defense.gov |date=April 20, 2010 |accessdate=December 3, 2010}}</ref>

==Specifications==
===X-37B===
{{aircraft specifications
<!-- if you do not understand how to use this template, please ask at [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Aircraft]] -->
|plane or copter?=<!-- options: plane/copter --> plane
|jet or prop?=<!-- options: jet/prop/both/neither --> jet
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-->
|ref=USAF,<ref name=USAF_factsh>US Air Force. [http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=16639 "Factsheet: X-37 Orbital Test Vehicle"]. af.mil, April 14, 2010.</ref><ref name="USAF_CollMaxwell">US Air Force. [http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA407255 "X-37 Space Vehicle: Starting a New Age in Space Control?"], [http://www.dtic.mil/srch/doc?collection=t3&id=ADA407255 summary]. dtic.mil, April 2001.</ref> Boeing,<ref>[http://www.boeing.com/defense-space/ic/sis/x37b_otv/x37b_otv.html X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle]. Boeing</ref> Physorg.com,<ref>Antczak, John for Associated Press. [http://www.physorg.com/news189528362.html "Air Force to launch robotic winged space plane"]. Physorg.com, April 3, 2010.</ref> Airspacemag.com<ref>Klesius, Michael. [http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/Space-Shuttle-Jr.html?c=y&page=1 "Space Shuttle Jr."]. Air & Space Magazine, January 1, 2010.</ref>

<!-- General characteristics -->
|crew=None
|capacity=
|length main= 29&nbsp;ft 3&nbsp;in
|length alt= 8.9&nbsp;m
|span main= 14&nbsp;ft 11 in
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|more general='''Power:''' [[Gallium arsenide]] solar cells with [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]]
* '''Payload & Payload Bay:''' {{convert|500|lb|0|abbr=on}}, {{convert|7|x|4|ft|abbr=on}}

<!-- Powerplant -->
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*'''Orbit:''' [[Low Earth orbit]]
*'''Orbital time:''' Up to 270 days<ref name="Timesonline">{{cite news|url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article7106714.ece |title= Launch of secret US space ship masks even more secret launch of new weapon |last= Evans |first= Michael |date= April 24, 2010 |newspaper= The Times |accessdate= April 25, 2010}}</ref>
|armament=
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==See also==
{{aircontent
|see also=<!-- other related articles that have not already linked: -->
* [[Silbervogel]]
* [[DARPA Falcon Project]]
* [[Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar]] - the US Air Force's previous spaceplane, was canceled in the 1960s.
|related=<!-- designs which were developed into or from this aircraft: -->
* [[Boeing X-40]]
|similar aircraft=<!-- aircraft that are of similar Role, Era, and Capability as this design: -->
* [[Avatar (rocket)]]
* [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]]
* [[Orbital Sciences X-34]]
|lists=<!-- relevant lists that this aircraft appears in: -->
<!-- See [[WP:Air/PC]] for more explanation of these fields. -->
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Boeing X-37}}
* [http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=16639 X-37 Orbital Test Vehicle USAF Factsheet]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/x37facts2.html X-37 Fact Sheet] and [http://www.msfc.nasa.gov/news/x37news/index.html X-37 news on NASA.gov]
* [http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/app4/x-37.html X-37 page on designation-systems.net]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/x-37.htm X-37 page on globalsecurity.org]
* [http://spaceflightnow.com/atlas/av012/100402x37update/ "Air Force spaceplane is an odd bird with a twisted past"]. Spaceflightnow.com

{{Boeing support aircraft}}
{{X-planes}}
{{AFRL spacecraft}}
{{aviation lists}}

[[Category:Boeing aircraft|X-37]]
[[Category:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]]
[[Category:Mojave Air & Space Port]]
[[Category:NASA programs]]
[[Category:Rocket-powered aircraft]]
[[Category:Spaceplanes]]
[[Category:Tailed delta-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:UAVs and drones of the United States]]
[[Category:United States experimental aircraft 2000-2009|X-37, Boeing]]
[[Category:V-tail aircraft]]

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Revision as of 00:08, 5 December 2010

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