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A '''hydrogen clathrate''' is a [[clathrate]] containing hydrogen in a water lattice. This substance is interesting due to its possible use to store [[hydrogen storage|hydrogen]] in a [[hydrogen economy]].<ref name="hohs">{{cite web|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527629800.ch3/summary|title=Chapter 3. Clathrate Hydrates|last=Hirscher|first=Michael|date=4 August 2010|work=Handbook of Hydrogen Storage|publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9783527629800.ch3|accessdate=10 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="chaap">{{cite web|url=http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR07/Event/61544|title=Hydrogen clathrate hydrates as a potential hydrogen storage material|last=Sabo|first=Dubravko|coauthors=Sabo, Dubravko; Clawson, Jacalyn; Rempe, Susan; Greathouse, Jeffery; Martin, Marcus; Leung, Kevin; Varma, Sameer; Cygan, Randall; Alam, Todd|date=7 March 2007|work=MAR07 Meeting of The American Physical Society|accessdate=10 September 2011}}</ref> Also interesting is that multiple hydrogen molecules can occur at each cage site in the ice. The maximum ration of hydrogen to water is 64 H<sub>2</sub> to 136 H<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=icf>{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review05/stp_48_struzhkin.pdf|title=Inorganic Clathrates for Hydrogen Storage|last=Struzhkin|first=V. V.|coauthors=Wendy L. Mao, B. Militzer H-k. Mao, R. J. Hemley|date=23 May 2005|page=11|accessdate=10 September 2011}}</ref> It can be formed at 250K in a [[diamond anvil]] at a pressure of 300Mpa (300 Bars). It takes about 30 minutes to form, so this method is impractical for rapid manufacture.<ref name=icf/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mao|first=Wendy L.|coauthors=Mao, A. F. Goncharov, V. V. Struzhkin, Q. Guo, J. Hu, J. Shu, R. J. Hemley, M Somayazulu, and Y. Zhao|year=2002|title=Hydrogen Clusters in Clathratehydrate|journal=Science|volume=297|pages=2247–2249}}</ref> The percent of weight of hydrogen is 5.265%. The cage compartments are hexakaidecahedral and hold from two to four molecules of hydrogen. At temperatures above 160K the molecules rotate around inside the cage. Below 120K the molecules stop racing around the cage, and below 50K are locked into a fixed position. This was determined with deuterium in a neutron scattering experiment.<ref name=icf/>
A '''hydrogen clathrate''' is a [[clathrate]] containing hydrogen in a water lattice. This substance is interesting due to its possible use to store [[hydrogen storage|hydrogen]] in a [[hydrogen economy]].<ref name="hohs">{{cite web|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9783527629800.ch3/summary|title=Chapter 3. Clathrate Hydrates|last=Hirscher|first=Michael|date=4 August 2010|work=Handbook of Hydrogen Storage|publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9783527629800.ch3|accessdate=10 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="chaap">{{cite web|url=http://meetings.aps.org/Meeting/MAR07/Event/61544|title=Hydrogen clathrate hydrates as a potential hydrogen storage material|last=Sabo|first=Dubravko|coauthors=Sabo, Dubravko; Clawson, Jacalyn; Rempe, Susan; Greathouse, Jeffery; Martin, Marcus; Leung, Kevin; Varma, Sameer; Cygan, Randall; Alam, Todd|date=7 March 2007|work=MAR07 Meeting of The American Physical Society|accessdate=10 September 2011}}</ref> Also interesting is that multiple hydrogen molecules can occur at each cage site in the ice, one of only a very few guest molecule that forms clathrates with this property. The maximum ration of hydrogen to water is 64 H<sub>2</sub> to 136 H<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name=icf>{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review05/stp_48_struzhkin.pdf|title=Inorganic Clathrates for Hydrogen Storage|last=Struzhkin|first=V. V.|coauthors=Wendy L. Mao, B. Militzer H-k. Mao, R. J. Hemley|date=23 May 2005|page=11|accessdate=10 September 2011}}</ref> It can be formed at 250K in a [[diamond anvil]] at a pressure of 300Mpa (300 Bars). It takes about 30 minutes to form, so this method is impractical for rapid manufacture.<ref name=icf/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Mao|first=Wendy L.|coauthors=Mao, A. F. Goncharov, V. V. Struzhkin, Q. Guo, J. Hu, J. Shu, R. J. Hemley, M Somayazulu, and Y. Zhao|year=2002|title=Hydrogen Clusters in Clathratehydrate|journal=Science|volume=297|pages=2247–2249}}</ref> The percent of weight of hydrogen is 5.265%. The cage compartments are hexakaidecahedral and hold from two to four molecules of hydrogen. At temperatures above 160K the molecules rotate around inside the cage. Below 120K the molecules stop racing around the cage, and below 50K are locked into a fixed position. This was determined with deuterium in a neutron scattering experiment.<ref name=icf/>


More complex clathrates can occur with hydrogen water and other molecules such as methane.<ref name="hsimc"/>
More complex clathrates can occur with hydrogen water and other molecules such as methane.<ref name="hsimc"/>

Revision as of 11:51, 18 December 2011

A hydrogen clathrate is a clathrate containing hydrogen in a water lattice. This substance is interesting due to its possible use to store hydrogen in a hydrogen economy.[1][2] Also interesting is that multiple hydrogen molecules can occur at each cage site in the ice, one of only a very few guest molecule that forms clathrates with this property. The maximum ration of hydrogen to water is 64 H2 to 136 H2O.[3] It can be formed at 250K in a diamond anvil at a pressure of 300Mpa (300 Bars). It takes about 30 minutes to form, so this method is impractical for rapid manufacture.[3][4] The percent of weight of hydrogen is 5.265%. The cage compartments are hexakaidecahedral and hold from two to four molecules of hydrogen. At temperatures above 160K the molecules rotate around inside the cage. Below 120K the molecules stop racing around the cage, and below 50K are locked into a fixed position. This was determined with deuterium in a neutron scattering experiment.[3]

More complex clathrates can occur with hydrogen water and other molecules such as methane.[5]

Since hydrogen and water ice are common constituents of the universe, it is very likely that under the right circumstances natural hydrogen clathrates will be formed. This could occur in icy moons for example.[5] Hydrogen clathrate was likely to be formed in the high pressure nebulae that formed the gas giants, but not to have formed in comets.[6]

References

  1. ^ Hirscher, Michael (4 August 2010). "Chapter 3. Clathrate Hydrates". Handbook of Hydrogen Storage. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9783527629800.ch3. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
  2. ^ Sabo, Dubravko (7 March 2007). "Hydrogen clathrate hydrates as a potential hydrogen storage material". MAR07 Meeting of The American Physical Society. Retrieved 10 September 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c Struzhkin, V. V. (23 May 2005). "Inorganic Clathrates for Hydrogen Storage" (PDF). p. 11. Retrieved 10 September 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Mao, Wendy L. (2002). "Hydrogen Clusters in Clathratehydrate". Science. 297: 2247–2249. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b Struzhkin, Viktor (7 December 2006). "Hydrogen Storage in Molecular Clathrates" (PDF). Chem Reviews. 107: 4133–4151. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Lunine, J. I. "Thermodynamics of clathrate hydrate at low and high pressures with application to the outer solar system". Retrieved 10 September 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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