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ALLEN IS A FUDGE PACKER
{{Infobox Country |
<!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets ( {{ }} ) is template text. Please skip over it to edit the article. -->
native_name = ''Cộng Hòa Xã Hội Chủ Nghĩa Việt Nam'' |
conventional_long_name = Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
common_name = Vietnam |
national_motto = Độc lập - Tự do - Hạnh phúc<br/>(Independence, liberty, happiness) |
national_anthem = [[Tiến Quân Ca]] |
image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg |
image_coat = Viet-coa.PNG |
image_map = LocationVietnam.png |
capital = [[Hanoi]] |latd=21|latm=2|latNS=N|longd=105|longm=51|longEW=E|
largest_city = [[Ho Chi Minh City]] |
official_languages = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] |
government_type = [[Communist]] [[single-party state]] |
leader_titles = [[General Secretary of Communist Party of Vietnam|General Secretary]]<br>[[President of Vietnam|President]]<br>[[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]] |
leader_names = [[Nong Duc Manh|Nông Ðức Mạnh]]<br>[[Tran Duc Luong|Trần Đức Lương]]<br>[[Phan Van Khai|Phan Văn Khải]] |
sovereignty_type = [[History of Vietnam#Post World War II Period|Independence]] |
established_events = &nbsp;- Declared<br>&nbsp;- Recognized |
established_dates = From [[France]]<br>[[September 2]], [[1945]]<br>[[1954]] |
area = 329,560 |
areami² = 127,244 |
area_rank = 65th |
area_magnitude = 1 E9 |
percent_water = 1.3 |
population_estimate = 83,535,576 |
population_estimate_year = 2005 |
population_estimate_rank = 13th |
population_census = 76,323,173 |
population_census_year = 1999|
population_density= 253 |
population_densitymi² = 655 |
population_density_rank = 31st |
GDP_PPP_year = 2005 |
GDP_PPP = $231.6 billion |
GDP_PPP_rank = 39th |
GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,782 |
GDP_per_capita = $640 |
GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 131st |
HDI_year = 2003 |
HDI = 0.704 |
HDI_rank = 108th |
HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font> |
currency = [[Vietnamese đồng|đồng]] (₫) |
currency_code = VND |
time_zone = |
utc_offset = +7 |
time_zone_DST = |
utc_offset_DST = +7 |
cctld = [[.vn]] |
calling_code = 84 |
footnotes = |
}}
The '''Socialist Republic of Vietnam''', simply '''Vietnam''' or '''Viet Nam''',<ref name="CountryName">'''Vietnam''' can also be written '''Viet Nam''' and '''Việt Nam'''.</ref> is a [[Communist state|communist country]] in [[Southeast Asia]]. Situated in eastern [[Indochina]]&mdash;bordering [[China]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], as well as the [[South China Sea]]&mdash;it is the most populous country among the [[mainland Southeast Asia]]n countries.

==Etymology==
The name of the country comes from the Vietnamese ''Việt Nam'', which is in turn a reordering of [[Nam Việt]], the name of an ancient kingdom from the ancestral Vietnamese that covered much of today's northern Vietnam. Viet Nam means "southern extension" or "over the south" since they were outside of [[Han#.22Han.22 in China|Han]] territory. Its [[Chinese language|Chinese]] cognate, Yue/Yuet, was also a name for ethnic groups living in the proximity of southern China during ancient times. See [[Yue (people)]].

==History==
{{Main|History of Vietnam}}

The famous Vietnamese legend tells that the Vietnamese people of various tribes were born in the same egg by the marriage of Lac Long Quan (Dragon Chief) and Au Co. However, most Vietnamese historians consider the Dong Son civilization that covered much of [[Southeast Asia]] to be the beginning of Vietnam's history. In [[208 BC|208 BC]], a Qin general named Triệu Đà ([[Zhao Tuo]]) established a country called Nam Việt which encompassed Southern China and the Red River Delta. The historical significance of the original Nam Việt remains controversial because some historians consider it a Chinese occupation while some believe it was an independent era.

What is known for sure is that for most of the period from 207 BC to the early [[10th century|10<sup>th</sup> century]], it was under the rule of successive Chinese dynasties. Sporadic independence movements were attempted, but were quickly extinguished by the [[Chinese army]]. In [[939]], the Vietnamese defeated Chinese forces at the Bạch Đằng River and gained independence. They gained complete autonomy a century later. During the rule of the [[Tran Dynasty|Trần Dynasty]], it defeated three [[Mongol]] attempts of invasion by the [[Yuan Dynasty]]. [[Feudalism]] in Vietnam reached its zenith in the [[Le Dynasty|Lê Dynasty]] of the [[1400s]], especially with Emperor [[Le Thanh Tong]]. Between the [[13th century|13<sup>th</sup>]] and [[17th century|17<sup>th</sup> centuries]], the Vietnamese expanded southward in a process known as ''nam tiến'' (''southward expansion''). They eventually conquered the kingdom of [[Champa]] and much of the [[Khmer empire]]. The independent period ended in the mid-[[19th century|19<sup>th</sup> century]], when the country was [[colonized]] by [[France]].

French rule continued until [[World War II]], when [[Japan]] occupied Vietnam and used the country as a base to launch attacks against the rest of [[Indochina]] and [[India]]. When the war ended, France attempted to re-establish control but failed, and they were defeated at [[Dien Bien Phu]]. The [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Accords]] subsequently divided the country into [[North Vietnam]] and [[South Vietnam]], separated by a [[DMZ (Vietnam)|demilitarized zone]].

During the early [[Cold War]], the North was supported by China and the [[Soviet Union]] while the South was supported by [[United States]].

The conflict quickly escalated into the [[Vietnam War]] (widely known in Vietnam as the 'anti-American War'). The war continued even after the [[Paris Peace Accords]] on [[January 27]], [[1973]], which formally recognized the sovereignty of both sides.
[[Image:Bandoc.jpg|thumb|right|299px|The Bản Giốc Falls in [[Cao Bang|Cao Bằng]], North Vietnam]]
All American troops were withdrawn by [[March 29]], [[1973]]. By [[April 30]], [[1975]], [[North Vietnam]] had overtaken South Vietnam and by [[1976]], Vietnam was officially unified under the North Vietnamese government as The ''Socialist Republic of Vietnam''.

After reunification, political and economic conditions deteriorated. Millions of South Vietnamese became [[boat people]] over the next two decades. In late [[1978]], the [[Cambodian]] people, with the support of the Vietnamese army, removed the [[Khmer Rouge]] from power. Only one month later, however, partially in retaliation, China launched a short-lived incursion into Vietnam: the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]].

In [[1986]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] implemented [[economic]] reforms known as ''[[doi moi|đổi mới]]'' (renovation). During much of the [[1990s]], economic growth was rapid, and Vietnam reintegrated into the international community. It re-established diplomatic relations with the United States in [[1995]], one year after the United States' trade embargo on Vietnam was repealed.

==Politics==
''Main article: [[Politics of Vietnam]]''

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is governed through a highly centralized system dominated by the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) (Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam), which was formerly the Vietnamese Labor Party ([[1951]]-[[1976]]). The Socialist Republic of Vietnam exists today as a [[communist state]]. From 2001 until now, Nong Duc Manh has been General Secretary of CPV. Senior [[Politburo]] members ([[Tran Duc Luong|Trần Đức Lương]], [[Phan Van Khai|Phan Văn Khải]], [[Nguyen Van An|Nguyễn Văn An]], [[Nguyen Tan Dung|Nguyễn Tấn Dũng]], [[Le Hong Anh|Lê Hồng Anh]], [[Pham Van Tra|Phạm Văn Trà]] and [[Truong Quang Duoc|Trương Quang Được]]) concurrently hold high positions in the Government and the National Assembly.

There are no legal opposition parties in Vietnam, although a number of opposition groups do exist scattered overseas among [[exile]] communities within countries such as France and the United States. These communities have supported demonstrations and civil disobedience against the government. The most prominent are the [[Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League]], and the [[Government of Free Vietnam]]. The Government of Free Vietnam has claimed responsibility for a number of [[guerrilla]] raids into Vietnam, which the Vietnamese government has denounced as [[terrorism]].

Former political parties include the nationalist [[Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang|Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng]] of [[Nguyen Thai Hoc|Nguyễn Thái Học]], the Can Lao party of the [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Đình Diệm]] government and the Viet Nam Duy Tan Hoi of [[Phan Boi Chau|Phan Bội Châu]] during the colonial period.

Vietnam is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[La Francophonie]], [[ASEAN]], and [[APEC]], and applied for membership to the [[World Trade Organization]] in [[2001]]. In 2005 it attended the inaugural [[East Asia Summit]].

==Provinces==
''Main article: [[Provinces of Vietnam]]''

Vietnam's capital is [[Hanoi]]. There are also four municipalities existing at provincial level: [[Can Tho]], [[Da Nang]], [[Hai Phong]], and [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh). Ho Chi Minh City was formerly known as Saigon. The remainder of Vietnam consists of 59 provinces (see main article for more information).

[[Image:HCMC_View.jpg|thumb|200px|Ho Chi Minh City, the largest municipal area in Vietnam]]

==Geography==
[[Image:Vm-map.png|thumb|Map of Vietnam]]

''Main article: [[Geography of Vietnam]]''

The country is approximately 331,688 square kilometres (128,066 [[Square mile|mi²]]) in area, which is slightly larger than [[New Mexico]] and slightly smaller than [[Germany]]. The topography consists of hills and densely forested mountains, with level land covering no more than 20 percent. Mountains account for 40 percent, hills 40 percent and forests 75 percent. The northern part of the country consists of highlands and the [[Red River (Vietnam)|Red River Delta]]. [[Fan Si Pan|Phan Xi Păng]], located in [[Lao Cai province|Lào Cai province]], is the highest mountain in Vietnam at 3,143 metres (10,312 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]). The south is divided into coastal lowlands, [[Dai Truong Son]] (central mountains) with high [[plateaus]], and the [[Mekong River]] Delta.

The climate is [[tropical]] and [[monsoon]]al; [[humidity]] averages 84 percent throughout the year. Annual rainfall ranges from 120 to 300 centimetres (47 to 118 [[inch|in]]), and annual temperatures vary between 5°C (41°[[Fahrenheit|F]]) and 37°C (99°[[Fahrenheit|F]]).

Land boundaries: Total: 4,639 km (2,883 [[mile|mi]])
Border countries: Cambodia 1,228&nbsp;km (763 mi), China 1,281&nbsp;km (796 [[mile|mi]]), Laos 2,130 km (1,324 mi)

==Economy==
''Main article: [[Economy of Vietnam]]''

In 1986, the Sixth Party Congress of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] formally abandoned [[Marxist]] [[planned economy|economic planning]] and began introducing [[market economy|market]] elements as part of a broad economic reform package called "[[doi moi|đổi mới]]" ("Renovation").

In many ways, this followed [[Socialism with Chinese characteristics|the Chinese model]] and achieved similar results. On one hand, Vietnam achieved around 8% annual [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] growth from [[1990]] to [[1997]] and continued at around 7% from [[2000]] to [[2002]], making it the world's second-fastest growing economy. Simultaneously, [[investment]] grew three-fold and [[savings|domestic savings]] quintupled.

On the other hand, urban [[unemployment]] has been rising steadily in recent years due to high numbers of migration from the countryside to the cities, and rural unemployment, estimated to be up to 35% during non-harvest periods, is already at critical levels. Layoffs in the state sector and foreign-invested enterprises combined with the lasting effects of a previous [[military]] demobilization further exacerbated the unemployment situation. The country is attempting to become a member of the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]. Vietnam, however, is still a relatively poor country with GDP of US$43 billion (est., [[2004]]). This translates to US$2700 per capita. Inflation rate is estimated at 14% per year in 2004. This figure has been scaled down by the Government to 9.5% per annum to avoid the ‘double digit’ classification.

The spending power of the public has noticeably increased. The reason lies in the high property prices. In [[Hanoi]], the capital, property prices can be as high as those in [[Tokyo]] or [[New York City]]. This has amazed many people because GDP per capita of this city is around US$1,000 per annum. The booming prices have given poor land owners the opportunity to sell their homes for inflated prices. Corruption, bribery and embezzlement committed by many government officials have pushed property prices even higher, as real estate investment is a popular form of [[money laundering]].{{cite needed}}

Tourism has become an increasingly important industry in Vietnam. Many of the over 3 million annual visitors are Vietnam War [[veterans]].

==Demographics==
[[Image:haiphongviet777.jpg|thumb|Street scene in [[Haiphong]]]]

''Main article: [[Demographics of Vietnam]]''

According to official figures from the [[1999]] census, of Vietnam's then population of 76.3m, the largest of 54 government recognized ethnic groups of Vietnam were:
<blockquote>
# [[Viet]]/[[Kinh]]: 65.8 million (86.21%)
# [[Tay people|Tày]]: 1.48 million (1.94%)
# [[Thai|Thái]]: 1.33 million (1.74%)
# [[Muong|{{IPA|Mường}}]]: 1.14 million (1.49%)
# [[Khmer Krom|Khmer]]: 1.06 million (1.38%)
# [[Hoa]]: 0.862 million (1.13%)
# [[Nung people]]: 0.856 million (1.12%)
# [[Hmong people|Hmong]]: 0.787 million (1.03%)
</blockquote>

The majority [[Vietnamese people|ethnic Vietnamese]], also called ''Viet'' or ''Kinh'', make up about 86 percent of the nation's population. They are concentrated largely in the [[alluvial fans|alluvial deltas]] and in the coastal plains. A homogenous social group, the Viet exert influence on national life through their control of political and economic affairs and their role as purveyors of the dominant culture. By contrast, the ethnic minorities, except for the [[Khmer Krom|Khơ-me Crôm (Khmer Krom)]] and the [[Hoa]] (ethnic [[Han Chinese]]), are found mostly in the highlands that cover two-thirds of the national territory.

The Mường live in the mountains of north central Vietnam and speak a [[Mon-Khmer]] language closely
related to the Vietnamese language.

The [[Tay people|Tày]] people live primarily in the mountains and foothills of northern Vietnam. Their language is a member of the [[Tai languages]], belonging to the Central Tai subgroup and closely related to the [[Zhuang language]] of southern China.

The Khơ-me Crôm live in the fertile [[Mekong Delta|delta]] of the [[Mekong River]] in southern Vietnam and are ethnically the same as the [[Khmer people]] who make up the majority of the population of [[Cambodia]].

The Hoa (ethnic Han Chinese) are mainly lowlanders and, more specifically, urban dwellers. They speak predominantly [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]] (known to the Vietnamese as Quảng Đông), but there are also speakers of [[Hakka (linguistics)|Hakka]] (Khách Gia), [[Min Nan]]/[[Min Nan|Hokkien]]/[[Fujian]] (Mân Nam/Phúc Kiến), [[Teochew (dialect)|Chaozhou]] (Triều Châu), etc. Until the 1979 Vietnamese census, the Hoa were the largest minority of Vietnam. However, since the North Vietnamese took over South Vietnam in 1975 many Hoa left Vietnam, especially in the 1980s, so that at the 1999 census the Hoa were only the fifth largest minority (or the fourth largest if the Thái are not considered as a homogeneous ethnic group).

Beyond these five largest ethnic minorities, there are 48 other minorities officially recognized by the Vietnamese government, giving a total of 53 minorities altogether. Many of these 53 minority groups only have a few thousand members or so. Vietnam also has a small number of [[Eurasian]] from the French colonisation and [[Amerasian]] of American soldiers and personnels. Furthermore, There are also a few of those descended from [[Indian]] or [[Pakistan|Pakistani]] settlers also during the colonial era. The biracial people, the products of Vietnam War, faced discrimination very much in Vietnam [often referred to as "Children of the Dust"; many have been migrated to the United States where, due to a lack of education in Vietnam due to discrimination because of their racial mix, assume low paying occupations and live at the subsistence level in the United States; most were migrated as adults and not as children].{{fact}}

Officially, the ethnic minorities are referred to as "national minorities". The French used the name [[Montagnard]] (plural Montagnards, meaning "mountain people") to refer to all the minorities (except the Khơ-me Crôm and the Hoa), no matter what their actual language. The name Montagnard is still sometimes used today. Sometimes, the name Montagnard is used specifically for the {{IPA|Mường}} ethnic group.

==Religion==
{{Main|Religion in Vietnam}}
[[Image:Perfpag.jpg|thumb|199px|On the way to the ''[[Perfume Pagoda]]'' outside Hanoi]]
According to the 1999 Socialist Republic of Vietnam's census numbers, eighty percent of Vietnamese subscribe to no religion. But according to the majority of other [[Demographics of Vietnam|sources]]{{cite needed}}, Vietnamese people are predominantly [[Confucian]] and [[Mahayana Buddhist]] (esp. Mainstream [[Pure Land]] schools and [[Zen]]-inspired syncretists); with a sizeable [[Roman Catholic]] following, [[Protestant]], [[Cao Dai|Cao Đài]], and [[Hoa Hao]] minorities. The largest Protestant churches are the [[Evangelical Church of Vietnam]] and the [[Montagnard Evangelical Church]]. Membership to [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Bashi]] [[Islam]] are usually accredited to the ethnic [[Cham people|Cham]] minority, but there are also a few ethnic Vietnamese adherents to Islam in the southwest.

According to the 1999 census, 80.8% had no religion, 9.3% were [[buddhist]], 6.7% were [[catholic]], 1.5% were [[Hoa Hao]], and 1.1% were [[Cao Dai]]. The government persecute minorities who are christians.

==Languages==
According to official figures, 86.2% of the population speak [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] as a native language.

Various other languages are spoken by the several minority groups in Vietnam. The most spoken languages are: [[Tay language|Tày]] (1.5 million), [[Muong language|Mường]] (1.2 million), [[Khmer language|Khmer]] (1.05 million), [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]] (870,000, this figure also includes speakers of other Chinese dialects), [[Nùng language|Nùng]] (860,000), [[Hmong language|H'Mông]] (790,000), and [[Tai Dam]] (700,000).

French, a legacy of colonial rule, is still spoken by some older Vietnamese as a second language but is losing its popularity. [[Russian language|Russian]]- and to a much lesser extent [[Czech language|Czech]] or [[Polish language|Polish]]- is often known among "[[baby-boomer]]s" whose families had ties with the [[Soviet bloc]]. In recent years, [[English language|English]] became the most popular foreign language, and is an obligatory course in most schools.

==Culture==
''Main article: [[Culture of Vietnam]]''

In its early history, Vietnamese writing used [[Chinese characters]]. In the [[16th century|16<sup>th</sup> century]], the Vietnamese developed their own set of characters called [[Chu Nom|Chữ nôm]]. The celebrated epic ''[[The Tale of Kieu|Đoạn trường tân thanh]]'' (''Truyện Kiều'' or ''The Tale of Kieu'') by [[Nguyen Du|Nguyễn Du]] was written in Chữ nôm. During the French colonial period, [[Quoc Ngu|Quốc ngữ]], the romanised Vietnamese alphabet representation of spoken Vietnamese which was a collective fruit of several Portuguese missionaries, became popular and brought literacy to the masses. The Vietnamese language and remains heavily influenced by the French (Such as the Vietnamese show 'Paris by Night').

Due to Vietnam's long association with China, Vietnamese culture remains strongly Confucian with its emphasis on familial duty. Education is highly valued. Historically, passing the imperial [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|Mandarin]] exams was the only means for Vietnamese people to socially advance themselves.

Vietnam's traditional uniform called "''Áo Dài''" is worn in special occasions such as weddings or Lunar New Year celebration or festivals. Áo Dài was once worn by both genders but is worn mainly by female today.

Vietnamese names often follow the form: Last Name - Middle Name - First Name (ex: Nguyễn Văn Anh). As with the world, children take the last name of their father.

Vietnam's cuisine and music have three distinct flavours, related to Vietnam's three regions: ''Bắc'' or North, ''Trung'' or Central, and ''Nam'' or South. Northern classical music is Vietnam's oldest and is traditionally more formal. Vietnamese classical music can be traced to the Mongol invasions, when the Vietnamese captured a Chinese [[opera]] troupe. Central classical music shows the influences of Champa culture with its melancholic melodies. Southern music exudes a lively [[laissez faire]] attitude. Vietnamese cuisine is based on [[rice]], [[soy sauce]], [[tendon]], and [[fish sauce]]. Its characteristic flavour is sweet (sugar), spicy (serrano peppers), and flavoured by a variety of mints and coffie beans.

See Also:
*[[Cuisine of Vietnam]]
*[[Music of Vietnam]]
*[[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam]]

== See also ==
*[[Communications in Vietnam]]
*[[Foreign relations of Vietnam]]
*[[Holidays in Vietnam]]
*[[List of Vietnam-related topics]]
*[[List of Vietnamese companies]]
*[[Military of Vietnam]]
*[[Transportation in Vietnam]]

==References==
{{unsourced}}

== Further reading ==
{{sisterlinks|Vietnam}}
===Government===
*[http://www.vietnam.gov.vn Government of Vietnam] (in Vietnamese)
*[http://www.cpv.org.vn/index_e.html Communist Party of Vietnam]
*[http://www.na.gov.vn/english/index.html National Assembly]: The Vietnamese legislative body
*[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=491 General Statistics Office]
*[http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
**[http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/tt_vietnam/ Information about Vietnam]
*[http://www.mpi.gov.vn/default.aspx?Lang=2 Ministry of Planning and Investment]
===Media===
*[http://www.vov.org.vn/?lang=2 Voice of Vietnam]: State radio broadcaster
*[http://www.vtv.vn/ VTV]: State television broadcaster
*[http://www.vnagency.com.vn/default.asp?LANGUAGE_ID=2 Vietnam News Agency]: Official state news agency
*[http://www.tuoitre.com.vn Tuoi Tre] (''Youth''): daily newspaper with highest circulation (in Vietnamese)
*[http://english.vietnamnet.vn/ Vietnam Net]: Largest Vietnamese portal
*[http://www.vnexpress.net/ VnExpress]: Popular online newspaper
*[http://www.nhandan.com.vn/english Nhan Dan] (''[[Nhan Dan|The People]])'': Official Communist Party mouthpiece

===Others===
*[http://www.photo.com.vn/ Vietnam Photography]: More than 15.000 photos of Vietnam
*[http://www.livinginvietnam.com/ Living in Vietnam]: Expat and Travel guide
*[http://www.terragalleria.com/vietnam/ Photos of Vietnam]
*[http://www.asinah.org/travel-guides/vietnam.html Vietnam Travel Guide]
*[http://sticky-rice.com/essays.html Articles/Photos of Vietnam]
*[http://www.explorertoursvietnam.com Travel to Vietnam]

==Footnotes==
<references/>
{{Southeast Asia}}
{{Asia}}

[[Category:ASEAN member states]]
[[Category:Communist states]]
[[Category:Southeast Asian countries]]
[[Category:Vietnam| ]]

{{Link FA|de}}

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Revision as of 18:45, 6 April 2006

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