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Removed some vague information from the "Habitat" section and replaced it with cited information. Added the "Life Cycles," "Behavior," and "Predation" sections.
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==Habitat==
==Habitat==
The genus Myotis is consists of more than 100 species worldwide, except the Antarctic. Specifically, ''Myotis nigricans'' is found in South Mexico (Nayarit and Tamaulipas) to Peru, Bolivia, North Argentina, Paraguay, South Brazil, Trinidad and Tobago, and Lesser Antilles (St. Martin, Montserrat and Grenada).<ref>Simmons, N.B. </ref> This bat species lives in spaces like tree barks, foliages, and the ceilings of buildings and houses. <ref>Gonzales, J.C.</ref> ''Myotis nigricans'' is able to cohabit with other species of its genus and share food and roosts. <ref>Ruedi, M. and Mayer, F., Stadelmann, et.al.</ref>However, competition over food and roosts has been seen with other insectivorous bats. <ref>Wilson, D.E</ref>
Low, middle, and higher elevation forests, gardens, agricultural areas; nocturnal; flies in more open areas, along trails, streams, etc.; roosts in trees, rock crevices, buildings.


==Life Cycles==
Gestation lasts 60 days in ''Myotis nigricans''.<ref>Wilson, D.E. and Findley, J.S.</ref> For the first 2 or 3 days after birth, the young remain in close proximity with their mother. After this time mothers leave their young in groups in the roost at night in order to hunt. On their return to the roost, mothers will use olfactory and auditory skills to locate their respective young.<ref>Wilson, D.E.</ref>By week 2 after birth, the young have already reached adult weight. Flight begins at week 3 and takes one to two weeks before complete competence is achieved.<ref>Wilson,D.E.</ref> Weaning occurs at week 5 or 6 after birth <ref>Wilson, D.E.</ref> and occurs during the wet season, in April, when there is an abundance of insects. <ref>Wilson, D.E. and Findley, J.S.</ref>Any time after weaning the grown bat will leave the roost it was born in. <ref>Wilson,D.E</ref>Longevity of 7 years have been recorded for ''Myotis nigricans''. <ref> Wilson, D.E. and Tyson, E.L. </ref>

==Behavior==
Studies testing homing skills in the ''Myotis nigricans'' suggests that the bats are able to recognize an area with a radius of 13 km. Some bats that were displaced 50 km from the roost were able to find their way back within 2 days.<ref>Wilson, D.E. and Findley, J.S.</ref> In favorable weather conditions, bats leave the roost an hour after sunset and return from hunting an hour before sunrise.<ref>Wilson, D.E.</ref>

The body temperature varies, depending on the ambient temperature. When the body temperature is cooler the bats enter a state of torpor and remain in that state until the body temperature has warmed.<ref>Studier, E.H. and Wilson, D.E.</ref>In order to cool body temperature, they show behavioral thermoregulation by spreading out in the roost into smaller groups.<ref>Wilson, D.E.</ref>

==Predation==
Young bats have high mortality rates because of predation, disease, and parasitism. Opposums, cats, and other bats are some mammalian predators of the Black Myotis. Other predators include snakes, cockroaches, and spiders.<ref>Wilson, D.E</ref>Young bats also face the trouble of ectoparasites, including mites, bat mites, soft ticks, hard ticks, chigger mites, fleas, and bat flies. <ref>Wenzel, R.L. and Tipton, V.J.</ref>


==References==
==References==
<references />
* Chiroptera Specialist Group 2000. {{IUCNlink|14185|Myotis nigricans}}. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ] Downloaded on 26 Octiber 2008.
* Chiroptera Specialist Group 2000. {{IUCNlink|14185|Myotis nigricans}}. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. ] Downloaded on 26 Octiber 2008.
*[http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/ Infonatura]
*[http://www.natureserve.org/infonatura/ Infonatura]
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*[http://www.1-costaricalink.com/costa_rica_fauna/ black_myotis.htm]
*[http://www.1-costaricalink.com/costa_rica_fauna/ black_myotis.htm]


*Gonzalez, J.C., 2000. Morcegos da área urbana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Divulg. Mus. Ciênc. Tecnol. - PUCRS, vol. 1, no. 5, p. 53- 82. [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-69842008000300021&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt]
{{Vespertilionidae-stub}}
*Ruedi, M. and Mayer, F., 2001. Molecular systematics of bats of the genus Myotis (Vespertilionidae) suggests deterministic ecomorphological convergences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., vol. 21, no. 3, p. 436-448. [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-69842008000300021&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt]
*Simmons, N.B., 2005. Order Chiroptera. In WILSON, DE. and REEDER, DM. (Eds.). Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 312- 529. [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-69842008000300021&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt]
*Stadelmann, B., Herrera, L.G., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Flores-Martinez, J.J., May, B.P. and Ruedi, M., 2004. Molecular systematics of the fishing bat Myotis vivesi. J. Mammal., vol. 85, no. 1, p. 133-139. [http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-69842008000300021&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt]
*Studier, E.H. and Wilson, D.E. 1970. Thermoregulation in some Neotropical bats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 34:251-262.
*Wenzel, R.L. and Tipton, V.J. 1966. Ectoparasites of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, xii + 861 pp. [ http://www.jstor.org/stable/3503847]
*Wilson, D.E. and Tyson, E.L., 1970. Longevity records for Artibeus jamaicensis and Myotis nigricans. J. Mammal., Vol. 51, no. 1, p. 203. [ http://www.jstor.org/stable/1378570] [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3503847]
*Wilson, D.E. and Findley, J.S., 1970. Reproductive cycle of a Neotropical insectivorous bat, Myotis nigricans. Nature 225:1125 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3503847]


[[Category:Mouse-eared bats]]
[[Category:Mouse-eared bats]]

Revision as of 23:52, 14 April 2012

Black Myotis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Chiroptera
Family:
Vespertilionidae
Genus:
Myotis
Species:
M. nigricans
Binomial name
Myotis nigricans

The Black Myotis (Myotis nigricans), is a bat species from South and Central America.

Its body is dark brown/black. The head to body length, not including the tail, is about 5cm (2 in.). The Black Myotis is a tiny bat with a small pointed non-noseleaf snout. Its ears are pointy and triangular, and extremely sensitive. Its forearm-like wings have single claws while its hind feet have five, and its torso is covered in a short hair layer. (Murciélago Pardo).

Habitat

The genus Myotis is consists of more than 100 species worldwide, except the Antarctic. Specifically, Myotis nigricans is found in South Mexico (Nayarit and Tamaulipas) to Peru, Bolivia, North Argentina, Paraguay, South Brazil, Trinidad and Tobago, and Lesser Antilles (St. Martin, Montserrat and Grenada).[1] This bat species lives in spaces like tree barks, foliages, and the ceilings of buildings and houses. [2] Myotis nigricans is able to cohabit with other species of its genus and share food and roosts. [3]However, competition over food and roosts has been seen with other insectivorous bats. [4]

Life Cycles

Gestation lasts 60 days in Myotis nigricans.[5] For the first 2 or 3 days after birth, the young remain in close proximity with their mother. After this time mothers leave their young in groups in the roost at night in order to hunt. On their return to the roost, mothers will use olfactory and auditory skills to locate their respective young.[6]By week 2 after birth, the young have already reached adult weight. Flight begins at week 3 and takes one to two weeks before complete competence is achieved.[7] Weaning occurs at week 5 or 6 after birth [8] and occurs during the wet season, in April, when there is an abundance of insects. [9]Any time after weaning the grown bat will leave the roost it was born in. [10]Longevity of 7 years have been recorded for Myotis nigricans. [11]

Behavior

Studies testing homing skills in the Myotis nigricans suggests that the bats are able to recognize an area with a radius of 13 km. Some bats that were displaced 50 km from the roost were able to find their way back within 2 days.[12] In favorable weather conditions, bats leave the roost an hour after sunset and return from hunting an hour before sunrise.[13]

The body temperature varies, depending on the ambient temperature. When the body temperature is cooler the bats enter a state of torpor and remain in that state until the body temperature has warmed.[14]In order to cool body temperature, they show behavioral thermoregulation by spreading out in the roost into smaller groups.[15]

Predation

Young bats have high mortality rates because of predation, disease, and parasitism. Opposums, cats, and other bats are some mammalian predators of the Black Myotis. Other predators include snakes, cockroaches, and spiders.[16]Young bats also face the trouble of ectoparasites, including mites, bat mites, soft ticks, hard ticks, chigger mites, fleas, and bat flies. [17]

References

  1. ^ Simmons, N.B.
  2. ^ Gonzales, J.C.
  3. ^ Ruedi, M. and Mayer, F., Stadelmann, et.al.
  4. ^ Wilson, D.E
  5. ^ Wilson, D.E. and Findley, J.S.
  6. ^ Wilson, D.E.
  7. ^ Wilson,D.E.
  8. ^ Wilson, D.E.
  9. ^ Wilson, D.E. and Findley, J.S.
  10. ^ Wilson,D.E
  11. ^ Wilson, D.E. and Tyson, E.L.
  12. ^ Wilson, D.E. and Findley, J.S.
  13. ^ Wilson, D.E.
  14. ^ Studier, E.H. and Wilson, D.E.
  15. ^ Wilson, D.E.
  16. ^ Wilson, D.E
  17. ^ Wenzel, R.L. and Tipton, V.J.
  • Gonzalez, J.C., 2000. Morcegos da área urbana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Divulg. Mus. Ciênc. Tecnol. - PUCRS, vol. 1, no. 5, p. 53- 82. [1]
  • Ruedi, M. and Mayer, F., 2001. Molecular systematics of bats of the genus Myotis (Vespertilionidae) suggests deterministic ecomorphological convergences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., vol. 21, no. 3, p. 436-448. [2]
  • Simmons, N.B., 2005. Order Chiroptera. In WILSON, DE. and REEDER, DM. (Eds.). Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 312- 529. [3]
  • Stadelmann, B., Herrera, L.G., Arroyo-Cabrales, J., Flores-Martinez, J.J., May, B.P. and Ruedi, M., 2004. Molecular systematics of the fishing bat Myotis vivesi. J. Mammal., vol. 85, no. 1, p. 133-139. [4]
  • Studier, E.H. and Wilson, D.E. 1970. Thermoregulation in some Neotropical bats. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 34:251-262.
  • Wenzel, R.L. and Tipton, V.J. 1966. Ectoparasites of Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, xii + 861 pp. [ http://www.jstor.org/stable/3503847]
  • Wilson, D.E. and Tyson, E.L., 1970. Longevity records for Artibeus jamaicensis and Myotis nigricans. J. Mammal., Vol. 51, no. 1, p. 203. [ http://www.jstor.org/stable/1378570] [5]
  • Wilson, D.E. and Findley, J.S., 1970. Reproductive cycle of a Neotropical insectivorous bat, Myotis nigricans. Nature 225:1125 [6]
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