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#REDIRECT [[Joghourt]] {{R from alternate spelling}}
'''Joghourt''', '''yoghurt''' or '''yogurt''', less commonly '''yoghourt''', '''joghurt''' or '''yogourt''', is a [[dairy product]] produced by [[bacteria]]l [[fermentation]] of [[milk]]. Any sort of milk may be used to make joghourt, but modern production is dominated by [[cow]]'s milk. It is the fermentation of milk [[sugar]] ([[lactose]]) into [[lactic acid]] that gives joghourt its [[gel]]-like [[texture]] and characteristic tang. It is often sold in a [[fruit]], [[vanilla]], or [[chocolate]] flavour, but can also be unflavoured.
<div style="float:right;">[[Image:Yoghurt.jpg|thumb|270px|none|Joghourt]][[Image:yoghurtsellers.jpg|thumb|270px|none|Joghourt sellers in 1940's Istanbul/Turkey]]
[[Image:Yogurt of the Bulgarija Pavilion of Expo 2005 Aichi Japan.jpg|thumb|270px|none|Yoghurt sold at the Bulgarija Pavilion of Expo 2005 Aichi Japan]]
[[Image:Yogurt of the Caucasus common Pavilion of Expo 2005 Aichi Japan.jpg|thumb|270px|none|Joghourt sold at the Caucasus common Pavilion of Expo 2005 Aichi Japan]]</div>
==History==
There is evidence of cultured milk products being produced as [[Wiktionary:food|food]] for at least 4,500 years, since the [[3rd millennium BC]]. The [[Bulgars]] (also Hunno-Bulgars), a Turkic-speaking people from Aryian-Pamirian origin, migrated into Europe starting from the 2nd century AD, eventually settling on the Balkans by the end of the 7th century AD. The earliest yoghurts were probably spontaneously fermented, perhaps by wild bacteria residing inside [[goat]] skin bags used for transportation.

Joghourt remained primarily a food of [[India]], [[Central Asia]], [[Western Asia]], [[South Eastern Europe]] and [[Central Europe]] until the [[1900s]], when a [[Russia]]n [[biologist]] named [[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov]] theorized that heavy consumption of joghourt was responsible for the unusually long lifespans of [[Bulgarian]] peasants. Believing lactobacillus to be essential for good health, Mechnikov worked to popularize joghourt as a foodstuff throughout Europe. It fell to a Spanish [[entrepreneur]] named [[Isaac Carasso]] to industrialise the production of joghourt. In [[1919]] he started a commercial joghourt plant in [[Barcelona]], naming the business [[Groupe Danone|Danone]] after his son &mdash; better known in the United States as 'Dannon'.

Joghourt with added fruit [[marmalade]] was invented (and patented) in [[1933]] in dairy [[Radlická Mlékárna]] in [[Prague]]. The original intention of this combination was to protect Joghourt better against decay.

Joghourt was first commercially produced and sold in the United States in [[1929]] by [[Armenia]]n immigrants, Rose and Sarkis Colombosian, whose family business later became [[Colombo Yogurt]].

===Etymology of 'joghourt'===
The word derives from the [[Turkic language|Turkish]] ''yoğurt'' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|pronounced]] {{IPA|[jɔˈurt]}}) deriving from the adjective 'yoğun', which means "dense" and "thick", or from the verb ''yoğurmak'', which means "to knead" (possibly "yoğurmak" the verb originally meant "to make dense"), a reference to how yoghurt is made. The letter [[G-breve|ğ]] is silent between [[back vowel]]s in Modern Turkish, but was formerly pronounced as a [[voiced velar fricative]] {{IPA|[ɣ]}}. English pronunciation varies in different regions according to the local accent but common pronunciations include {{IPA|/ˈjɒgət/}} and {{IPA|/ˈjoʊgɚt/}}.

==Contents==

Yoghurt making involves the introduction of specific "friendly" [[bacterium|bacteria]] into milk under controlled (very carefully in industrial settings) temperature and environmental conditions. The bacteria ingest the natural milk sugars and release lactic acid as a waste product; the increased acidity, in turn, causes the milk [[protein]]s to tangle into a solid mass, ([[curd]], [[denature]]). The increased acidity (pH=4–5) also prevents the proliferation of other potentially pathogenic bacteria. To be named yoghurt, the product should at least contain the bacteria ''[[Streptococcus salivarius ssp thermophilus]]'' and ''[[Lactobacillus bulgaricus]]'' (official name ''Lactobacillus delbrueckii'' ssp. ''bulgaricus''). Often these are co-cultured with other lactic acid bacteria for either taste or health effects ([[probiotics]]). These include ''[[Lactobacillus acidophilus|L. acidophilus]]'', ''[[Lactobacillus casei]] and ''[[Bifidobacterium]]'' species.

In most countries a product may only called yoghurt if there are at least 1 million live bacteria present in the final product. Pasteurized products (which have no living bacteria) are named fermented milk (drink).

In the US non-pasteurized yoghurt is sold as containing "live active culture" (or just as "live" ), which some believe to be nutritionally superior.
In [[Spain]], the yoghurt producers were divided among those who wanted to reserve the name ''yogurt'' for live yoghurt and those who wanted to include pasteurised yoghurt under that label (mostly the [[Pascual Hermanos]] group). '''[[pasteurization|Pasteurized]] yoghurt''' has a [[shelf life]] of months and does not require [[refrigeration]]. Both sides submitted scientific studies claiming differences or lack thereof between both varieties. Eventually the Spanish government allowed the label ''yogur pasteurizado'' instead of the former ''postre lácteo'' ("dairy dessert").

Because live yoghurt culture contains [[enzyme]]s that break down lactose, some individuals who are otherwise [[lactose intolerance|lactose intolerant]] find that they can enjoy yoghurt without ill effects. Nutritionally, yoghurt is rich in protein as well as several [[Vitamin B|B vitamins]] and essential [[mineral]]s, and it is as low or high in [[fat]] as the milk it is made from.

==Presentation==

Yoghurt is often sold sweetened and flavoured, or with added [[fruit]] on the bottom (sometimes referred to as [[fruit bottom]]), to offset its natural sourness. If the fruit is already stirred into the yoghurt, it is sometimes referred to as Swiss-style. Most yoghurt in the United States has [[pectin]] or [[gelatin]] added. Some specialty yoghurts have a layer of fermented fat at the top similar to [[cream cheese]], e.g. [[Brown Cow Yoghurt]]. Fruit [[jam]] is used instead of raw fruit pieces in the case of fruit yoghurts so that they can be stored
for weeks without [[mildew]].

==Yoghurt types==
===Dahi yoghurt===
[[Dahi]] yoghurt of the Indian subcontinent is known for its characteristic taste and consistency.

===Bulgarian yoghurt===
Bulgarian yoghurt is popular for its specific taste, aroma, and quality and is commonly consumed plain. The qualities are specific to the particular culture strains used in Bulgaria, ''[[Lactobacillus bulgaricus]]'' and ''[[Streptococcus thermophilus]]'' bacteria. Bulgarian yoghurt producers are taking steps to legally protect the trademark of Bulgarian yoghurt on the European market and distinguish it from other product types that do not contain live bacteria.

Bulgarian yoghurt is often strained by hanging in a cloth for a few hours to reduce water content. The resulting yoghurt is creamier, richer and milder in taste because of increased fat content. Hanging overnight is sometimes employed to make a concentrated yoghurt similar to cream cheese. Yoghurt is also used for preparation of Bulgarian [[milk salad]]. (Commercial versions of strained yoghurt are also made.)

A cold soup (called [[tarator]] in [[Bulgaria]] and [[cacık]] in [[Turkey]]) made of yoghurt is popular in Turkey and Bulgaria in the summertime. It is made from [[Ayran]], cucumbers, garlic and ground walnuts.

===Greek yoghurt===
Greek "full" yoghurt is made from milk that has been blended with [[cream (food)|cream]] to a [[fat]] content of exactly ten percent. Standard (5%), low-fat (2%) and non-fat (0%) versions are also made. It is often served with [[honey]], walnuts or fruit preserves as a dessert. The Greek traditional [[tzatziki]] sauce, whose origin is '''Turkish cacık''', used on a [[gyros]] sandwich, is made from yoghurt, cucumber, and garlic.

===Yoghurt Drinks===

[[Lassi]] is a yoghurt-based beverage, originally from [[India]] where two basic varieties are known: salty and sweet. Salty lassi is usually flavoured with ground-roasted [[cumin]] and [[chile pepper]]s; the sweet variety with [[rosewater]] and/or [[lemon]], [[mango]], or other fruit juice. Another yoghurt-based beverage, a salty drink called [[Ayran]] is quite popular in [[Turkey]] and [[Bulgaria]]. It is made by mixing yoghurt with water and adding salt. The same drink is known as ''tan'' in [[Armenia]]. A similar drink, [[Doogh]], is popular in the Middle East between [[Lebanon]] and [[Iran]]; it differs from ayran by the addition of herbs (usually [[mint]]) and being carbonated (usually with [[seltzer water]]). In the United States, yoghurt-based beverages are often marketed under names like "Yogurt Smoothie" or "Drinkable Yogurt".

===Kefir===

[[Kefir]] is a fermented milk drink originating in the [[Caucasus]]. A related Central Asian-Mongolian drink made from [[Mare|mare's]] milk is called [[kumis]] or, in [[Mongolia]], airag. Some American dairies have offered a drink called "kefir" for many years (though lacking the carbonation and alcohol, and coming in fruit flavours), but began appearing (as of [[2002]]) with names like "drinkable yoghurt" and "yoghurt smoothie".

===Home-made yoghurt===

Home-made yoghurt is consumed by many people throughout the world, and is the norm in countries where yoghurt has an important place in traditional cuisine, such as [[Bulgaria]], [[Turkey]], and [[India]]. Yoghurt can be made at home using a small amount of store-bought plain live active culture yoghurt as the starter culture. One very simple recipe starts with a litre of low-fat milk, but requires some means to incubate the fermenting yoghurt at a constant 43°C (109°F) for several hours. Yoghurt-making machines are available for this purpose. A run of the mill heating pad found in a pharmacy for muscle aches (set at medium), with a pot of tepid water on top to place the milk in, works fine. As with all fermentation processes, cleanliness is very important.

* Bring the milk to 85°C (185°F) over a stove and keep it there for two minutes, to kill any undesirable microbes.
* Pour the re-pasteurised milk into a tall, sterile container and allow to cool to 43°C (110°F)
* Mix in 120ml of the warmed yoghurt and cover tightly.
* After about six hours of incubation at precisely 43°C (110°F); the entire mixture will have become a very plain but edible yoghurt with a loose consistency.
**The further below 43°C (110°F) the temperature, the longer it will take for the yoghurt to solidify. If a precise means of temperature control is not available, put the culture in a warm place such as on top of a water heater or in a gas oven with just the pilot flame burning, or wrap a small towel around the container. An electric oven with the light on may work nicely, depending on the bulb size. You can tell it is done when it no longer moves if you tilt the jar.

In Japan, ''Caspian Sea Yoghurt'' is a very popular home-made yoghurt. It is believed to have been introduced into the country by researchers in the form of a sample brought back from Georgia in the [[Caucasus]] region in 1986. [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20030107b3.htm] This Georgian yogurt, called ''Matsoni'' which is mostly made up of ''Lactococcus lactis'' subsp. ''cremoris'' and ''Acetobacter orientalis''[http://www.nih.go.jp/eiken/english/info/pdf/HNNews_no10.pdf] has a unique viscous, honey-like texture and is milder in taste than many other yoghurts.

Caspian Sea yoghurt is particularly well suited for making at home because it does not require any special equipment and cultures at room temperature (20–30°C) in about 10 to 15 hours, depending on the temperature. [http://metropolis.japantoday.com/tokyo/467/health_beauty.asp] In Japan it is possible to buy a freeze-dried starter culture at big department stores or online, but many people obtain a quantity of the yoghurt from a friend and start making their own yoghurt from that.

* General instructions: [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterilise]] all utensils, containers and lids in boiling water prior to use.
** From freeze-dried starter: stir starter into 500ml of milk. Make the next batch as below (from the actual yoghurt as the starter).
** From yoghurt: In winter, use one part yoghurt to four parts milk. In summer use one part yoghurt to nine parts milk.
* Place the lid gently on top of the container so as to allow some air in, but prevent contamination. Leave in a clean dry place for 10-15 hours or until thick. In summer, this may be less than 10 hours and in winter, longer than 15 hours.
* Some thickening of the yoghurt will also occur in the refrigerator.
* The yoghurt can be stored in the refrigerator for about 1 week or longer.

==See also==
*[[Cuisine of Bulgaria]]
*[[Cuisine of Turkey]]
*[[Probiotic]]
*[[Greek products]]
*[[Cuisine of Greece]]
*[[Fruit bottom]]
*[[Ayran]]
*[[Cheese]] and [[Sirene]]
*[[Sour cream]]
*[[Kefir]]
*[[Yoplait|'Yoplait' brand yoghurt]]
*[[YoGo]]
*[[Cacık]]
*[[Danone]]
*[[Bulla Dairy Foods]]

==External links==
*[http://www.uga.edu/nchfp/publications/nchfp/factsheets/yogurt.html US National Center for Home Food Preservation: Fermenting Yogurt at Home]
*[http://ozhanozturk.com/content/view/395/1/ Encyclopaedia of Turkey: Yoghurt]
*[http://www.yogurtforever.org/download/yogforevuk.pdf Yogurt Forever: The Yogurt Encyclopaedia (PDF)]
*[http://www.fage.gr/ fage] food manufacturing group: fresh dairy,ice cream,fresh juice,frozen food,ready made meal,quick service restaurant and catering
*[http://www.delta.gr/ delta] food manufacturing group: Yoghurts, desserts, milk, dairy creams, cheeses and delicatessen

[[Category:Fermented foods]]
[[Category:Dairy products]]
[[Category:Desserts]]
[[Category:Yoghurts|*]]

[[ar:لبن]]
[[bg:Кисело мляко]]
[[ca:Iogurt]]
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[[eo:Jogurto]]
[[fr:Yaourt]]
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[[he:יוגורט]]
[[la:Iogurtum]]
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[[ja:ヨーグルト]]
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[[ro:Iaurt]]
[[simple:Yoghurt]]
[[fi:Jogurtti]]
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[[tr:Yoğurt]]
[[zh:酸奶]]

Revision as of 15:49, 17 April 2006

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