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added information aboug planting, germination, seed spacing; good things to know for a green thumb
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Asterales]]
|ordo = [[Asterales]]
|familia = [[Asteraceae]]--[[User:Jimschott|Jimschott]] ([[User talk:Jimschott|talk]]) 01:12, 23 May 2012 (UTC)[[File:Example.jpg]]
|familia = [[Asteraceae]]
|tribus = [[Calenduleae]]
|tribus = [[Calenduleae]]
|genus = '''''Calendula'''''
|genus = '''''Calendula'''''
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The most commonly cultivated and used member of the genus is the pot marigold (''[[Calendula officinalis]]'').
The most commonly cultivated and used member of the genus is the pot marigold (''[[Calendula officinalis]]'').

== Growing Calendula ==
Growth - annual
Planting depth - 6 mm / 1/4 inch deep
Seed spacing - 5 cm / 2 inches
Germination - 10 days at 15-20C / 59-68F
Thinning height - 5 cm / 2 inches
Light preference - full sun or partial shade
Plant spacing - 22.5 cm / 9 inches
Bloom time - June to frost



== Constituents ==
== Constituents ==
Line 129: Line 140:
*[http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/m/marigo16.html Botanical.com: ''Calendula'']
*[http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/m/marigo16.html Botanical.com: ''Calendula'']
*[http://calendula-cream.net Calendula Cream: ''Calendula'']
*[http://calendula-cream.net Calendula Cream: ''Calendula'']
*[http://www.thegardenhelper.com/barb/calendula.html The Garden Helper: Calendula officinalis]


==Gallery==
==Gallery==

Revision as of 01:12, 23 May 2012

Calendula
Field marigold (Calendula arvensis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae--Jimschott (talk) 01:12, 23 May 2012 (UTC)
Tribe:
Calenduleae
Genus:
Calendula

Species

See text

Calendula (/[invalid input: 'icon']kəˈlɛndjuːlə/ Ca-lén-du-la),[1] pot marigold, is a genus of about 12–20 species of annual or perennial herbaceous plants in the daisy family Asteraceae, native to the area from Macaronesia east through the Mediterranean region to Iran. Calendula should not be confused with other plants that are also known as marigolds, such as corn marigold, desert marigold, marsh marigold, or plants of the genus Tagetes.

The name Calendula stems from the Latin kalendae, meaning first day of the month, presumably because pot marigolds are in bloom at the start of most months of the year. The common name marigold probably refers to the Virgin Mary. Claims that its old Saxon or Anglo-Saxon name is 'ymbglidegold' are unsubstantiated, as is the claim that this means 'it turns with the sun'.

The most commonly cultivated and used member of the genus is the pot marigold (Calendula officinalis).

Growing Calendula

   Growth - annual
   Planting depth - 6 mm / 1/4 inch deep
   Seed spacing - 5 cm / 2 inches
   Germination - 10 days at 15-20C / 59-68F
   Thinning height - 5 cm / 2 inches
   Light preference - full sun or partial shade
   Plant spacing - 22.5 cm / 9 inches
   Bloom time - June to frost


Constituents

The flowers of Calendula officinalis contain flavonol glycosides, triterpene oligoglycosides, oleanane-type triterpene glycosides, saponins, and a sesquiterpene glucosides.[2][3]

Pharmacological effects

Plant pharmacological studies have suggested that Calendula extracts have anti-viral, anti-genotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro.[4] In herbalism, Calendula in suspension or in tincture is used topically for acne, reducing inflammation, controlling bleeding, and soothing irritated tissue.[5][6] There is limited evidence that Calendula cream or ointment is effective in treating radiation dermatitis.[7][8] In a randomized study of 254 radiation patients, topical application of 4% calendula ointment resulted in far fewer occurrences of Grade 2 or higher dermatitis than occurred in the group using trolamine. Calendula users also experienced less radiation-induced pain and fewer breaks in treatment.[9]

Calendula has been used traditionally for abdominal cramps and constipation.[10] In experiments with rabbit jejunum the aqueous-ethanol extract of Calendula officinalis flowers was shown to have both spasmolytic and spasmogenic effects, thus providing a scientific rationale for this traditional use.[10] An aqueous extract of Calendula officinalis obtained by a novel extraction method has demonstrated anti-tumor (cytotoxic) activity and immunomodulatory properties (lymphocyte activation) in vitro, as well as anti-tumor activity in mice.[4]

Adverse effects

Calendula is known to cause allergic reactions.[11][12] Calendula should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation.[11]

Traditional uses

Calendula has been used traditionally as both a culinary and medicinal herb. The petals are edible and can be used fresh in salads or dried and used to color cheese or as a replacement for saffron.[13]

Species[14]

Calendula arvensis in Israel

References

  1. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  2. ^ Ukiya M, Akihisa T, Yasukawa K et al. Anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor-promoting, and cytotoxic activities of constituents of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) flowers. (2006). J Nat Prod. 69:1692-1696.
  3. ^ Yoshikawa M, Murakami T, Kishi A et al. (2001). Medicinal flowers.III. Marigold.(1): hypoglycemic, gastric emptying inhibitory, and gastroprotective principles and new oleanane-type triterpene oligolycosides, calendasaponins A, B, C, and D, from Egyptian Calendula officinalis. Chem Pharm Bull. 49:863-70.
  4. ^ a b Jimenez-Medina E, Garcia-Lora A, Paco L et al. (2006). A new extract of the plant Calendula officinalis produces a dual in vitro effect: cytotoxic anti-tumor activity and lymphocyte activation. BMC Cancer. 6:6.
  5. ^ Duran, V; Matic, M; Jovanovć, M; Mimica, N; Gajinov, Z; Poljacki, M; Boza, P (2005). "Results of the clinical examination of an ointment with marigold (Calendula officinalis) extract in the treatment of venous leg ulcers". Int J Tissue React. 27 (3): 101–6. PMID 16372475. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  6. ^ Pommier, P; Gomez, F; Sunyach, MP; D'hombres, A; Carrie, C; Montbarbon, X (2004-04-15). "Phase III randomized trial of Calendula officinalis compared with trolamine for the prevention of acute dermatitis during irradiation for breast cancer". J Clin Oncol.;():1447-53. 22 (8): 1447–53. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.07.063. PMID 15084618. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ McQuestion M. (2006). Evidence-based skin care management in radiation therapy. Semin Oncol Nurs". 22:163-173.
  8. ^ Bolderston A, LLoyd NS, Wong RK et al. (2006). The prevention and management of acute skin reactions related to radiation therapy: a systematic review and practice guideline. Support Care Cancer. 14:802-817
  9. ^ Pommier P. et al. J Clinical Oncol. 2004; 22:1447-1453
  10. ^ a b Bashir S, Janbaz KH, Jabeen Q et al. (2006). Studies on spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities of Calendula officinalis flowers. Phytother Res. 20:906-910.
  11. ^ a b "About Herbs, Botanicals & Other Products: Calendula". Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
  12. ^ Reider, N; Komericki, P; Hausen, BM; Fritsch, P; Aberer, W (2001). "The seamy side of natural medicines: Contact sensitization to arnica (Arnica montana L.) and marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)". Contact dermatitis. 45 (5): 269–72. PMID 11722485.
  13. ^ [1] Spotlight on Marigold
  14. ^ Flann C (ed). "Species of Calendula". Global Compositae Checklist. Retrieved 31 March 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  • Calendula arvensis
    Calendula arvensis
  • Calendula suffruticosa
    Calendula suffruticosa
  • Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis) from Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885
    Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis) from Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885
  • Bed of (Calendula officinalis)
    Bed of (Calendula officinalis)
  • The endangered Calendula maritima
    The endangered Calendula maritima
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