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* In September 2009 Paulino Mamani and Gregory Deyermenjian led a film crew to an area of the Cordillera de Paucartambo where a newly discovered section of the Inca Road of Stone was identified and documented.
* In September 2009 Paulino Mamani and Gregory Deyermenjian led a film crew to an area of the Cordillera de Paucartambo where a newly discovered section of the Inca Road of Stone was identified and documented.
* During The 2011 Paititi/Pantayqoya Expedition, carried out in September, [[Gregory Deyermenjian]], Mamani, Yuri Leveratto, Spanish photojournalist/explorer Javier Zardoya, and Luis Alberto Huillca Mamani located and delivered a formal report to Peruvian authorities concerning the Ruins of Miraflores, above the Río Ch´unchosmayu, which are on the way to and from the Meseta de Toporake and the Camino de Piedra that enters the Pantiacolla Plateau.
* During The 2011 Paititi/Pantayqoya Expedition, carried out in September, [[Gregory Deyermenjian]], Mamani, Yuri Leveratto, Spanish photojournalist/explorer Javier Zardoya, and Luis Alberto Huillca Mamani located and delivered a formal report to Peruvian authorities concerning the Ruins of Miraflores, above the Río Ch´unchosmayu, which are on the way to and from the Meseta de Toporake and the Camino de Piedra that enters the Pantiacolla Plateau.
* In december 2011, researchers Evandro Santiago, Zairo Pinheiro y Joaquim Cunha da Silva (Brazil) y
* In december 2011, researchers Evandro Santiago, Zairo Pinheiro y Joaquim Cunha da Silva ([[Brazil]]) y Yuri Leveratto ([[Italy]]), helped by local guide Elvis Pessoa, reached the archeological site called [[Labyrinth city]] ([[Rondonia]]), and carried out studies concerning its origin and functions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yurileveratto.com/articolo.php?Id=256|title=El misterio de la ciudad perdida de Laberinto|accessdate=2012-05-20}}</ref>.
⚫
* In december 2011, Italian resercher Yuri Leveratto and Brazilian guide Francisco Choco dos Santos reached the [[Madeira Fortress]], located 15 chilometeres from [[Madeira river]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yurileveratto.com/articolo.php?Id=259|title=el descubrimiento de la Fortaleza del Río Madeira|accessdate=2012-05-20}}</ref>.
Yuri Leveratto (Italy), helped by local guide Elvis Pessoa, reached the archeological site called Labyrinth city (Rondonia),
and carried out studies concerning its origin and functions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yurileveratto.com/articolo.php?Id=256|title=El misterio de la ciudad perdida de Laberinto|accessdate=2012-05-20}}</ref>.
* In december 2011, Italian resercher Yuri Leveratto and Brazilian guide Francisco Choco dos Santos reached the Madiera Fortress,
⚫
located 15 chilometeres from Rio Madeira<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yurileveratto.com/articolo.php?Id=259|title=el descubrimiento de la Fortaleza del Río Madeira|accessdate=2012-05-20}}</ref>.


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 19:37, 28 May 2012

Paititi is a legendary Inca lost city or utopian rich land said to lie east of the Andes, hidden somewhere within the remote rainforests of southeast Peru, northern Bolivia or southwest Brazil. The Paititi legend in Peru revolves around the story of the culture-hero Inkarri, who, after he had founded Q'ero and Cusco, retreated toward the jungles of Pantiacolla to live out the rest of his days in his refuge city of Paititi. Other versions of the legend see Paititi as an Inca refuge in the border area between Bolivia and Brazil.

Recent findings

In 2001, the Italian archaeologist Mario Polia discovered the report of the missionary Andres Lopez in the archives of the Jesuits in Rome.[1] In the document, which dates from about 1600, Lopez describes a large city rich in gold, silver and jewels, located in the middle of the tropical jungle called Paititi by the natives.[2] Lopez informed the Pope about his discovery. Conspiracy theories maintain that the Vatican has kept Patiti's location secret for its own reasons.[3] Lopez' report and its discovery were widely publicized, though its content is third-hand and far from reliable, Lopez himself having never reached Paititi but only having heard about it from the natives. It focuses on the story of a miracle performed at the court of the king of Paititi by a crucifix taken there by a group of baptized Indians. Many other historical sources of the Colonial period (16th to 18th centuries) refer to Paititi, to its possible locations and to expeditions searching for it. Some of the most informative of these documents include Juan Álvarez Maldonado (1570), Gregorio Bolívar (1621), Juan Recio de León (1623–27), Juan de Ojeda (1676), Diego de Eguiluz (1696).

In 2001, two researchers from the University of Helsinki, Dr. Ari Siiriäinen (archaeologist) and Dr. Martti Pärssinen (historian), put forward a hypothesis according to which the Paititi legend was related to the Inca expeditions into the Amazonian jungle and to the possible Inca military presence in the region of the Beni and the Madre de Dios rivers.[4] In order to test this hypothesis, a joint Finnish-Bolivian archaeological expedition was carried out in 2001–3 to investigate the fortified site Las Piedras near the town of Riberalta in the Eastern Bolivia. Some fragments of imperial Inca ceramics were found during the excavations but the presumed Inca origin of the site remains questionable.[5]

Historian and anthropologist Vera Tyuleneva has contributed to the idea of the non-Peruvian origin of the name "Paititi" and its original locale; she has made expeditions to northern Bolivia and provided extensive and detailed written reports on her findings.[6][7][8]

The most serious and extensive investigations of lost sites among the Peruvian mountains and jungles associated with Paititi have been carried out by the Peruvian medical doctor and explorer Carlos Neuenschwander Landa,[9][10] the Argentinian Salesian priest and explorer Juan Carlos Polentini Wester,[11][12] and, as recently as 2009, by American psychologist-explorer Gregory Deyermenjian and the Peruvian frontiersman, cartographer and explorer Paulino Mamani.[13][14]

On 29 December 2007, members of a local community near Kimbiri, Peru, found large stone structures resembling high walls, covering an area of 40,000 square meters; they named it the Manco Pata fortress.[15][16] However researchers from the Peruvian government's Cusco-based National Institute of Culture (INC) disputed suggestions by the local mayor that it could be part of the lost city of Paititi.[17] Their report identified the stone structures as naturally formed sandstone.

Recent historical work by the explorer Andrew Nicol examined primary historical texts and concluded that a jungle city or remote Inca outpost, such as the city described by the Paititi legend, could theoretically exist within the Peruvian Amazon Basin.[18]

Expeditions in search of Paititi for the past 100 years

  • 1925: Percy Harrison Fawcett (Mato Grosso, Brasil).[19]
  • 1954 to 1955: Hans Ertl (Bolivia)[20]
  • 1971: A French-American expedition led by Bob Nichols, Serge Debru, and Georges Puel travelled up the Rio Pantiacolla from Shintuya in search of Paititi. The party's guides left after a 30 day agreement expired, and though the three continued on, they never returned. Japanese explorer Yoshiharu Sekino contacted Machiguenga Indians in the area the following year and confirmed that the expedition members had been killed.[21][22][23]
  • 1984 to 2000: Altogether 12 expeditions led by Gregory Deyermenjian These included:
  • the documentation of Incan remains in Mameria (1984),[24] (1985), (1986) and (1989);
  • the first ascent of Apu Catinti (1986);
  • the documentation of Incan "barracks" at Toporake (1989);[13]
  • the exploration and documentation of the petroglyphs at Pusharo (1991);[25]
  • a traverse of the Incan "Road of Stone" past the Plateau of Toporake (1993);
  • the discovery and documentation of Incan and pre-Incan remains in Callanga (1994);
  • the discovery and the first ascent of an Incan complex at base of Callanga's peak "Llactapata" (1995);
  • the first visit, exploration, and documentation of the true nature of Manu's Pyramids of Paratoari (1996);
  • following the Incan "Road of Stone" onto the Plateau of Pantiacolla, discovery of "Lago de Ángel" and its Incan platforms north of Río Yavero (1999);[13]
  • full investigation of claims that Paititi was to be found on Río Choritiari (2000).
  • 1997 Lars Hafskjold set out from Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru. He disappeared somewhere in the unexplored parts of Bolivia.[26]
  • In August 1998, a young Chilean explorer, Camilo Valdivieso, undertook his first investigations into the Pusharo petroglyphs and their relation with the lost city.[citation needed]
  • 2000 Explorations towards the river Alto Madre de Dios were made by Valdivieso and an international group.[citation needed]
  • In June 2001, the Kota Mama II expedition led by John Blashford-Snell located some significant ancient ruins in the jungle east of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia which are believed to be identical to those discovered earlier by Hans Ertl.[27]
  • 2002 Camilo Valdivieso made some explorations in the area of the Sinkibenia River, finding important archaeological evidence of the presence of the Incas in previously unknown areas.[citation needed]
  • 2002 Jacek Pałkiewicz undertook an expedition.[28]
  • 2004 Joseph Kittelson Caba 19 year old Bolivian/USA ventured into the jungle north of La Paz with a small group of young Caranavi residents and came upon ruins believed to be the ones Hans Ertl came upon in earlier expeditions.
File:Ruins to which Joseph Kittelson and Crew arrived to in 2004.jpg
Ruins to which Joseph Kittelson and Crew arrived to in 2004
  • The June 2004 "Quest for Paititi" exploration team of Deyermenjian and Mamani discovered several important Inca ruins along branches of the Inca Road of Stone at the peak known as Último Punto in the northern part of the Pantiacolla region of Peru.[14]
  • 2005 The French explorer Thierry Jamin and the French-Peruvian Herbert Cartagena discovered Pusharo petroglyphs and large geoglyphs in a valley nearby. They thought they might have found a "map" showing where Paititi might be located. Further expeditions were set up in the following years.[29]
  • The 2006 Paititi Expedition: Beyond the Pantiacolla Plateau and the Furthest Reach of the Incas, carried out in June by Gregory Deyermenjian and Paulino Mamani, with Saulo César Huillca Mamani and Raul Huillca, to the Río Taperachi north of the Yavero, found the most remote Incan settlements yet identified beyond those that had been found in 2004 at "Último Punto."[citation needed]
  • The 2008 Paititi/"Road of Stone" expedition, which traversed a more southern extension of the Incan road along the crest of the Paucartambo range, brought Gregory Deyermenjian and Hermógenes Figueroa Lucana to a previously undocumented fortress site that appeared to have been guarding the entrances to the jungles of Callanga to the northeast.[30]
  • June 2009: Italian researcher Yuri Leveratto with Peruvian guides Fernando Rivera Huanca and Saul Robles Condori reached one of the Pyramids of Pantiacolla (or Paratoari), and explored the vicinity, proving that the "cumbre del condor" has a natural origin. They also described some petroglyphs of Amazonian origin near the Inchipato river.[31]
  • In September 2009 Paulino Mamani and Gregory Deyermenjian led a film crew to an area of the Cordillera de Paucartambo where a newly discovered section of the Inca Road of Stone was identified and documented.
  • During The 2011 Paititi/Pantayqoya Expedition, carried out in September, Gregory Deyermenjian, Mamani, Yuri Leveratto, Spanish photojournalist/explorer Javier Zardoya, and Luis Alberto Huillca Mamani located and delivered a formal report to Peruvian authorities concerning the Ruins of Miraflores, above the Río Ch´unchosmayu, which are on the way to and from the Meseta de Toporake and the Camino de Piedra that enters the Pantiacolla Plateau.
  • In december 2011, researchers Evandro Santiago, Zairo Pinheiro y Joaquim Cunha da Silva (Brazil) y Yuri Leveratto (Italy), helped by local guide Elvis Pessoa, reached the archeological site called Labyrinth city (Rondonia), and carried out studies concerning its origin and functions[32].
  • In december 2011, Italian resercher Yuri Leveratto and Brazilian guide Francisco Choco dos Santos reached the Madeira Fortress, located 15 chilometeres from Madeira river[33].

Notes

  1. ^ Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu
  2. ^ More on the subject in the Wikipedia article on Mario Polia: it:Mario Polia.
  3. ^ See http://www.palkiewicz.com/ekspedycje/index.php?p=paiti4
  4. ^ Siiriäinen, Ari and Pärssinen, Martti. The Amazonian Interests of the Inca State (Tawantinsuyu). In: Baessler-Archiv Nº49. Berlin. 2001.
  5. ^ See Pärssinen, Martti y Siiriäinen, Ari. Andes Orientales y Amazonía Occidental Ensayos entre la historia y arqueología de Bolivia, Brasil y Perú. UMSA – Colegio Nacional de Historiadores de Bolivia. Producciones CIMA: La Paz. 2003.
  6. ^ Tyuleneva, Vera. La Tierra del Paititi y el Lago Rogoaguado. In: Estudios Amazónicos Nº6, June 2007. Lima: Centro Cultural José Pío Aza. Pp. 97-162.
  7. ^ Tyuleneva, Vera. Apolobamba: Zona de contacto entre la sierra y los Llanos Amazónicos. Informe de la temporada de campo 2007, presentado a la Dirección Nacional de Arqueología de Bolivia. La Paz, 2008.
  8. ^ See also Tyuleneva, Vera. La leyenda del Paititi: versiones modernas y coloniales. In: Revista Andina Nº36, 2003. Cusco: Centro Bartolomé de las Casas. Pp. 193-211. The first part of this article concerning Paititi in the oral tradition is still relevant, while the second part related to the historical sources has been since radically reconsidered by the author
  9. ^ Carlos Neuenschwander Landa (1963). Pantiacollo. Lima: Organizacion Peruana del Libro. OCLC 8604014.
  10. ^ Carlos Neuenschwander Landa (1983). Paititi: En la Bruma de la Historia. OCLC 11724089.
  11. ^ Juan Carlos Polentini Wester (1979). Por la Rutas del Paititi.
  12. ^ Juan Carlos Polentini Wester (1999). El Paí Titi. OCLC 43562342.
  13. ^ a b c http://www.paititi.com/search-for-paititi.html
  14. ^ a b http://www.paititi.com/index.html
  15. ^ "Peru: Archaeological Fortress Discovered in the town of Kimbiri, Cusco". Retrieved 2008-01-18.
  16. ^ "New archeological vestiges found in Manco Pata fortress". Retrieved 2008-01-29.
  17. ^ "Peru's "Lost City" Is a Natural Formation, Experts Rule". Retrieved 2008-02-25.
  18. ^ Andrew Nicol (2009). "Paititi: The Last Secret Of The Incas?. A Critical Analysis Of The Legends Surrounding The Lost Inca City Of Gold". International Journal of South American Archaeology (5).
  19. ^ Fawcett, Percy Harrison. Exploración Fawcett. Santiago de Chile: Zig-Zag. 1955.
  20. ^ Hans Ertl (1956). Paititi: Ein Spähtrupp in die Vergangenheit der Inkas, Anden-Amazonas-Expedition 1954/55. München: Nymphenburger Verlag.
  21. ^ David Hatcher Childress (1990). Lost Cities & Ancient Mysteries of South America. Adventures Unlimited Press. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-0-932813-02-2.
  22. ^ Nicholas Asheshov. "El Dorado (Paititi)".
  23. ^ Thierry Jamin (2008-07-14). "Antisuyu 2008 expedition".
  24. ^ Gregory Deyermenjian (2003). "Mameria: an Incan Site Complex in the High-Altitude Jungles of Southeast Peru". Athena Review. 3 (4).
  25. ^ Preston Peet (2005). "A Conversation with Greg Deyermenjian". Underground!. The Disinformation Company. p. 286. ISBN 1-932857-19-2.
  26. ^ "Lars Hafskjold's disappearance". Retrieved 2009-07-19.
  27. ^ "The Kota Mama Expedition". Retrieved 2008-01-17.
  28. ^ http://www.palkiewicz.com/ekspedycje/index.php?p=paiti4
  29. ^ "Le site des chercheurs du Gran Paititi". Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  30. ^ FLAG EXPEDITION REPORT The Explorers Club Flag #44 The 2008 PAITITI EXPEDITION: To the Southern Reaches of the Incan “Road of Stone” to Find and Document the Entrances to the Jungles Beyond September 2008
  31. ^ "Expedicion a las piramides de Pantiacolla". Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  32. ^ "El misterio de la ciudad perdida de Laberinto". Retrieved 2012-05-20.
  33. ^ "el descubrimiento de la Fortaleza del Río Madeira". Retrieved 2012-05-20.

Partial bibliography

Template:Link GA

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