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'''Milton "Milt" Rubenfeld''' (13 September 1919 - 21 February 2004), was a [[Aviator|pilot]] who flew for the Royal Air Force and U.S. Army during [[World War II]], later becoming one of the five founding pilots of the [[Israeli Air Force]] in Israel's War of Independence. It is widely believed that Rubenfeld, the other four volunteer pilots, and the other ''machalniks'' changed the course of the War of Independence. He was injured and returned to the United States, and settled in New York state, where he married and owned a local business with his wife, Judy. Later, he moved his family to Sarasota, Florida, where he and his wife owned another successful business until he retired. He died in 2004.
'''Milton "Milt" Rubenfeld''' (13 September 1919 - 21 February 2004), was a [[Aviator|pilot]] who flew for the Royal Air Force and U.S. Army during [[World War II]], later becoming one of the five founding pilots of the [[Israeli Air Force]] in Israel's War of Independence. It is widely believed that Rubenfeld, the other four volunteer pilots, and the other <i>machalniks</i> changed the course of the War of Independence. He was injured and returned to the United States, and settled in New York state, where he married and owned a local business with his wife, Judy. Later, he moved his family to Sarasota, Florida, where he and his wife owned another successful business until he retired. He died in 2004.


== Early life==
== Early life==


Born in [[Peekskill, New York|Peekskill]], the fourth of six children of Louis and Gussie Rubenfeld,<ref name=Leonard>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyjnews.com/obits/Obit1.php?pid=2878926fulldate=12-09-2009 |title=Rubenfeld, Honorable Leonard (obituary) |author= |date=2009-12-09 |work= |publisher=The Journal News |accessdate=10 August 2011}}</ref> Milton Rubenfeld was an Eagle Scout, a student in New York University and the University of New Mexico (where he also hunted rattlesnakes),<ref name=Milt>{{cite web |url=http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~sklausne/NWin04.pdf |title=Milton Rubenfeld (obituary) |author= |date=2004 Winter |work= |publisher=American Veterans of Israel |accessdate=10 August 2011}}</ref> and taught aerobatics.<ref name=Nyveen>{{cite web |url=http://101squadron.com/101.101.html |title=Pilots and others of the 101st Squadron (Milton Rubenfeld) |last1=Nyveen |first1=Lawrence |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref>
Born in [[Peekskill, New York|Peekskill]], the fourth of six children of Louis and Gussie Rubenfeld, <ref name=Leonard>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyjnews.com/obits/Obit1.php?pid=2878926fulldate=12-09-2009 |title=Rubenfeld, Honorable Leonard (obituary) |author= |date=2009-12-09 |work= |publisher=The Journal News |accessdate=10 August 2011}}</ref> Milton Rubenfeld was an Eagle Scout, a student in New York University and the University of New Mexico (where he also hunted rattlesnakes),<ref name=Milt>{{cite web |url=http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~sklausne/NWin04.pdf |title=Milton Rubenfeld (obituary) |author= |date=2004 Winter |work= |publisher=American Veterans of Israel |accessdate=10 August 2011}} </ref> and taught aerobatics. <ref name=Nyveen>{{cite web |url=http://101squadron.com/101.101.html |title=Pilots and others of the 101st Squadron (Milton Rubenfeld) |last1=Nyveen |first1=Lawrence |accessdate=1 August 2011}}</ref>


When World War II broke out in Europe, he wanted to fly combat missions; however, the United States was not yet in the war.<ref name=Milt/> Rubenfeld decided to fly with the [[Royal Air Force]] in England, with the 420 Squadron.<ref name=Nyveen/> When the United States declared war on Germany, Rubenfeld signed on as a pilot with the [[U.S. Army]].<ref name=Milt/>
When World War II broke out in Europe, he wanted to fly combat missions; however, the United States was not yet in the war <ref name=Milt/>. Rubenfeld decided to fly with the [[Royal Air Force]] in England, with the 420 Squadron. <ref name=Nyveen/> When the United States declared war on Germany, Rubenfeld signed on as a pilot with the [[U.S. Army]].<ref name=Milt/>


== Flying for Israel ==
== Flying for Israel ==
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<blockquote>On the ground the military situation was critical, and in the air the Egyptian air force was king of the skies. . . It could do literally anything it wanted. Its Dakotas and Spitfires bombed Tel Aviv and only encountered sporadic anti-aircraft fire.
<blockquote>On the ground the military situation was critical, and in the air the Egyptian air force was king of the skies. . . It could do literally anything it wanted. Its Dakotas and Spitfires bombed Tel Aviv and only encountered sporadic anti-aircraft fire.


Of course there was no time to consider trifles, such as the fact that [the Avia S-199's] had never taken off, or even been tested in flight, their parts had not been checked, no one knew whether their systems functioned or if their machine-guns fired. No one was sure that their bombs ''would'' drop -- or that their wings ''wouldn’t''. These questions had to be shoved aside. . . We swung out to sea . . . and swooped towards the Egyptian column. The sight took my breath away. . . [not much] stood between it and Tel Aviv. . . I must confess I had a profound sense of fulfilling a great mission.<ref name=Ezer>{{cite book |title=On eagles’ wings: the personal story of the leading commander of the Israeli Air Force |last=Weizman |first=Ezer |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1976 |publisher=Berkley Medallion |location=New York |isbn= |page= |pages=60–61 |url= |accessdate=}}</ref></blockquote>
Of course there was no time to consider trifles, such as the fact that [the Avia S-199's] had never taken off, or even been tested in flight, their parts had not been checked, no one knew whether their systems functioned or if their machine-guns fired. No one was sure that their bombs <i>would</i> drop -- or that their wings <i>wouldn’t</i>. These questions had to be shoved aside. . . We swung out to sea . . . and swooped towards the Egyptian column. The sight took my breath away. . . [not much] stood between it and Tel Aviv. . . I must confess I had a profound sense of fulfilling a great mission.<ref name=Ezer>{{cite book |title=On eagles’ wings: the personal story of the leading commander of the Israeli Air Force |last=Weizman |first=Ezer |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1976 |publisher=Berkley Medallion |location=New York |isbn= |page= |pages=60–61 |url= |accessdate=}}</ref></blockquote>


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In February 1948, the [[Haganah]] set up an agency in the United States headed by Hyman Shechtman (later, Shamir) assisted by [[Al Schwimmer]], to recruit U.S. combat air veterans, both aircrew and ground crew, for the Haganah’s ”Air Service.” <ref name=Simon>{{cite web |url=http://www.machal.org.il/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=245&Itemid=340&lang=en |title=Haganah |last1=Simon |first1= Smoky |work=World Machal: volunteers from overseas in the Israel Defense Forces |accessdate=7 August 2011}}</ref> Knowing of Rubenfeld’s combat experience, Shamir approached Rubenfeld in early 1948 and asked him if he wanted to fly for the new state of Israel, and Rubenfeld -- “a small, swarthy former USAF pilot, so cocky he seemed to swagger even while sitting down”<ref name= Yonay>{{cite book |title=No margin for error: the making of the Israeli Air Force |last=Yonay |first=Ehud |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1993 |publisher=Pantheon |location=New York |isbn= |page=4 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> -- agreed.<ref name=Nyveen/>
In February 1948, the [[Haganah]] set up an agency in the United States headed by Hyman Shechtman (later, Shamir) assisted by [[Al Schwimmer]], to recruit U.S. combat air veterans, both aircrew and ground crew, for the Haganah’s ”Air Service.” <ref name=Simon>{{cite web |url=http://www.machal.org.il/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=245&Itemid=340&lang=en |title=Haganah |last1=Simon |first1= Smoky |work=World Machal: volunteers from overseas in the Israel Defense Forces |accessdate=7 August 2011}}</ref> Knowing of Rubenfeld’s combat experience, Shamir approached Rubenfeld in early 1948 and asked him if he wanted to fly for the new state of Israel, and Rubenfeld -- “a small, swarthy former USAF pilot, so cocky he seemed to swagger even while sitting down”<ref name= Yonay>{{cite book |title=No margin for error: the making of the Israeli Air Force |last=Yonay |first=Ehud |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1993 |publisher=Pantheon |location=New York |isbn= |page=4 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> -- agreed.<ref name=Nyveen/>


In early 1948, Rubenfeld flew transport planes on a few missions to and from Israel, until early May, when he reported to [[Ceske Budejovice]], in [[Czechoslovakia]], where he and the other pilots began training on the [[Avia S-199]], a Czech airplane roughly based on the German [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]].<ref name=Nyveen/> After evaluating the results of that training, it became clear to the Israeli instructors that only those pilots with previous combat pilot experience—Milt Rubenfeld, [[Modi Alon]], [[Ezer Weizman]], Lou Lenart, and Eddie Cohen—were going to be able to fly the Avia S-199, at least initially.<ref name=S199>{{cite book |title=Avia S-199 in Israeli Air Force Service 1948-1950 |last1=Nyveen |first=Lawrence |last2=Yofe |first2=Alex |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2007 |publisher=White Crow |location=San Jose, CA |isbn= |page=4 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> (Rubenfeld and Lenart were the two U.S. citizens in this group.) These five pilots finished the course in Czechoslovakia and, on May 20, 1948, reported to their base in Ekron Air Base (now [[Tel Nof Airbase]]) in Israel.<ref name=Nyveen/> As of Israel’s independence day—May 15, 1948—these five pilots (and four S-199’s) constituted the entire Israeli Air Force.
In early 1948, Rubenfeld flew transport planes on a few missions to and from Israel, until early May, when he reported to [[Ceske Budejovice]], in [[Czechoslovakia]], where he and the other pilots began training on the [[Avia S-199]], a Czech airplane roughly based on the German [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]].<ref name=Nyveen/> After evaluating the results of that training, it became clear to the Israeli instructors that only those pilots with previous combat pilot experience -- Milt Rubenfeld, [[Modi Alon]], [[Ezer Weizman]], Lou Lenart, and Eddie Cohen -- were going to be able to fly the Avia S-199, at least initially. <ref name=S199>{{cite book |title=Avia S-199 in Israeli Air Force Service 1948-1950 |last1=Nyveen |first=Lawrence |last2=Yofe |first2=Alex |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2007 |publisher=White Crow |location=San Jose, CA |isbn= |page=4 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> (Rubenfeld and Lenart were the two U.S. citizens in this group.) These five pilots finished the course in Czechoslovakia and, on May 20, 1948, reported to their base in Ekron Air Base (now [[Tel Nof Airbase]]) in Israel. <ref name=Nyveen/> As of Israel’s independence day -- May 15, 1948 -- these five pilots (and four S-199’s) constituted the entire Israeli Air Force.


{{Main|1948 Arab-Israeli War}}
{{Main|1948 Arab-Israeli War}}


The existence of the tiny air force had been kept secret from the Arab forces that had entered Israel after its Independence Day. Israel’s leaders knew that the first time they launched the four airplanes (and made their presence known), their targets had to be critical. The plan initially was to attack a squadron of Egyption Spitfires and Dakotas at El Arish, a base on the northern coast of the Sinai.<ref name=Ezer/> That order was changed “at the last minute” due to the increasing danger of a direct ground attack on Tel Aviv. The four fighters were ordered to bomb and strafe the Egyptian armored column that was advancing towards Tel Aviv.<ref name="Yonay |p.31"/>
The existence of the tiny air force had been kept secret from the Arab forces that had entered Israel after its Independence Day. Israel’s leaders knew that the first time they launched the four airplanes (and made their presence known), their targets had to be critical. The plan initially was to attack a squadron of Egyption Spitfires and Dakotas at El Arish, a base on the northern coast of the Sinai.<ref name=Ezer/> That order was changed “at the last minute” due to the increasing danger of a direct ground attack on Tel Aviv. The four fighters were ordered to bomb and strafe the Egyptian armored column that was advancing towards Tel Aviv.<ref name=Yonay |p.31/>


Since there were five pilots and only four airplanes, one pilot had to remain behind for that first mission on May 29, 1948: that was Milt Rubenfeld. However, his turn would come the following day.
Since there were five pilots and only four airplanes, one pilot had to remain behind for that first mission on May 29, 1948: that was Milt Rubenfeld. However, his turn would come the following day.


They lost one pilot on that first mission: South African Eddie Cohen. It wasn’t known whether he was shot down or had technical difficulties.<ref name="Ezer |p.61"/>
They lost one pilot on that first mission: South African Eddie Cohen. It wasn’t known whether he was shot down or had technical difficulties <ref name=Ezer |p.61/>.


{{Main|Avia S-199}}
{{Main|Avia S-199}}


Also on that mission, Lenart’s and Weizman’s cannons had both jammed.<ref name=Weiss>{{cite book |title=I am my brother’s keeper: American volunteers in Israel’s War for Independence |last1=Weiss |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Weiss |first2=Craig |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1998 |publisher=Schiffer |location=Atglen, PA |isbn= |page= |pages=60–61|url= |accessdate=}}</ref> In fact, there were many inherent design and performance defects with the Avia S-199, including a defect that rendered the cowl guns unsynchronized with the propeller, causing bullet damage to the propeller (which the first group of pilots luckily did not experience).<ref name="S199 |p.46"/> The S-199 also had a tendency to ground loop, which [[Modi Alon]]’s airplane did upon landing, rendering it unflyable for a time.<ref name="Ezer |p.62"/> Weizman later commented that the main problem with the S-199 was “the stress on the pilot. So much went wrong with the aircraft, it was nerve-wracking just climbing into one.” <ref name="S199 |p.78"/>
Also on that mission, Lenart’s and Weizman’s cannons had both jammed. <ref name=Weiss>{{cite book |title=I am my brother’s keeper: American volunteers in Israel’s War for Independence |last1=Weiss |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Weiss |first2=Craig |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1998 |publisher=Schiffer |location=Atglen, PA |isbn= |page= |pages=60–61|url= |accessdate=}}</ref> In fact, there were many inherent design and performance defects with the Avia S-199, including a defect that rendered the cowl guns unsynchronized with the propeller, causing bullet damage to the propeller (which the first group of pilots luckily did not experience). <ref name=S199 |p.46/> The S-199 also had a tendency to ground loop, which [[Modi Alon]]’s airplane did upon landing, rendering it unflyable for a time <ref name=Ezer |p.62/>. Weizman later commented that the main problem with the S-199 was “the stress on the pilot. So much went wrong with the aircraft, it was nerve-wracking just climbing into one.” <ref name=S199 |p.78/>


[[File:AviaS199Israel.png|thumb|left|<center>Israeli Avia S-199 in 1948</center>]]
[[File:AviaS199Israel.png|thumb|left|<center>Israeli Avia S-199 in 1948</center>]]


Rubenfeld’s opinion of the Avia S-199, expressed in an interview nearly fifty years later: “It wasn’t a very nice airplane”.<ref name=Nyveen/>
Rubenfeld’s opinion of the Avia S-199, expressed in an interview nearly fifty years later: “It wasn’t a very nice airplane”. <ref name=Nyveen/>


However, the first mission on 5/29/1948 was not a failure. The commander of the Egyptian ground forces was evidently shaken by the unexpected encounter with Israeli fighters: he ordered his troops to hold their position and advised Cairo that he was not advancing toward Tel Aviv. “It was as close as the Egyptians would ever come to Tel Aviv. With one raid, the air force had potentially altered the course of the war."<ref name="Weiss |p.131"/>
However, the first mission on 5/29/1948 was not a failure. The commander of the Egyptian ground forces was evidently shaken by the unexpected encounter with Israeli fighters: he ordered his troops to hold their position and advised Cairo that he was not advancing toward Tel Aviv. “It was as close as the Egyptians would ever come to Tel Aviv. With one raid, the air force had potentially altered the course of the war."<ref name=Weiss |p.131/>


== Rubenfeld Mission, 5-30-48 ==
== Rubenfeld Mission, 5-30-48 ==


To keep up the pressure on the Arab forces, the second sortie launched approximately 12 hours after the first mission returned.<ref name=Nyveen/> At 0530 on May 30, 1948, Milt Rubenfeld (Red 2) and Ezer Weizman (Red 1) launched in the only two remaining airworthy airplanes. Their mission was to attack positions around Tulkarm, on the eastern front.
To keep up the pressure on the Arab forces, the second sortie launched approximately 12 hours after the first mission returned <ref name=Nyveen/>. At 0530 on May 30, 1948, Milt Rubenfeld (Red 2) and Ezer Weizman (Red 1) launched in the only two remaining airworthy airplanes. Their mission was to attack positions around Tulkarm, on the eastern front.


Rubenfeld was debriefed on his return. The notes of the person who debriefed him were saved by the Israeli Defense Force (see sidebar)<ref name="S199 |p.20"/>
Rubenfeld was debriefed on his return. The notes of the person who debriefed him were saved by the Israeli Defense Force (see sidebar)<ref name=S199 |p.20/>


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5-30-48'''
5-30-48'''
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<blockquote>Took off . . . supposed to rendezvous with Wheizman (Red 1), circled our drome for aprox. 10’ looking for Red 1, could not find him and took off for target area headed for coast, followed coast up to Natanya, (150 feet, visibility very poor)... made run to target (E to SW) opened fire at 400 yards at Danaba (0 feet) made good hits on important houses (one of them a tower) and dropped one bomb from about 100 feet on Danaba, opened fire with MG and Cannons on Tulkarm Police Station and dropped the second bomb on Police St... West of Tulkarm (+Rd) made a 90 degree turn to N attacked 4 tanks (light British (Alexander)) registered hits (tracer) on all 4 of them (0 distance). No flack until hit right over tanks (50 yards) by 2 cannon shells one in left wing and 1 in belly. Went out of control (25 feet) and got a/c under control after being on my back. left wing crumpled up. Climbed above clouds. all instruments gone . . . aprox over Kafr El Laba saw Spit a/c for the 1 time . . . Noticed that Spit unidentified a/c made steep turn to left pointing his nose directly at me just over cloud base. I made steep turn towards him opened at aprox 300 yards saw two big chunks (like big chairs) falling out of a/c. . . I headed for coast at (295 degrees) saw enemy a/c smoke trailing out of it heading for coast. By then I was on fire, left wing smoky. Wanted to get through emergency hatch but had difficulties ['''''this was another design flaw of the S-199''''' <ref name="S199 |p.69"/>] . . . I finaly managed to get out. (1200 feet) landed in water swam ashore (kibutz people firing all the time) . . . Once ashore the kibutz people helped me taking me to hospital (Natanya) interviewed by Haganah when in kibutz. . . Was sent back from Hospital by taxi to T.A. [''Tel Aviv'']. Haganah was very pleased with raid...</blockquote>
<blockquote>Took off . . . supposed to rendezvous with Wheizman (Red 1), circled our drome for aprox. 10’ looking for Red 1, could not find him and took off for target area headed for coast, followed coast up to Natanya, (150 feet, visibility very poor)... made run to target (E to SW) opened fire at 400 yards at Danaba (0 feet) made good hits on important houses (one of them a tower) and dropped one bomb from about 100 feet on Danaba, opened fire with MG and Cannons on Tulkarm Police Station and dropped the second bomb on Police St... West of Tulkarm (+Rd) made a 90 degree turn to N attacked 4 tanks (light British (Alexander)) registered hits (tracer) on all 4 of them (0 distance). No flack until hit right over tanks (50 yards) by 2 cannon shells one in left wing and 1 in belly. Went out of control (25 feet) and got a/c under control after being on my back. left wing crumpled up. Climbed above clouds. all instruments gone . . . aprox over Kafr El Laba saw Spit a/c for the 1 time . . . Noticed that Spit unidentified a/c made steep turn to left pointing his nose directly at me just over cloud base. I made steep turn towards him opened at aprox 300 yards saw two big chunks (like big chairs) falling out of a/c. . . I headed for coast at (295 degrees) saw enemy a/c smoke trailing out of it heading for coast. By then I was on fire, left wing smoky. Wanted to get through emergency hatch but had difficulties [<i><b>this was another design flaw of the S-199</i></b> <ref name=S199 |p.69/>] . . . I finaly managed to get out. (1200 feet) landed in water swam ashore (kibutz people firing all the time) . . . Once ashore the kibutz people helped me taking me to hospital (Natanya) interviewed by Haganah when in kibutz. . . Was sent back from Hospital by taxi to T.A. [<i>Tel Aviv</i>]. Haganah was very pleased with raid...</blockquote>
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After Rubenfeld's fighter was hit, he managed to fly it to Israeli territory, bailing out at 1200 feet over the Mediterranean Sea near the [[moshav]] of [[Kfar Vitkin]]. His parachute fully opened immediately before he hit the water several miles offshore, and he suffered three broken ribs, several cuts, and an injury to his groin.<ref name=Nyveen/> He began to swim to shore, but gave up after “a couple of hours.” He stood up, “and the water was only up to my knees. I’d been swimming for hours in water I could have stood up in at anytime. I didn’t realize it because I was so far out. The farmers . . . were shooting at me as I was coming in out of the water. They thought I was an Arab pilot.” <ref name=Nyveen/>
After Rubenfeld's fighter was hit, he managed to fly it to Israeli territory, bailing out at 1200 feet over the Mediterranean Sea near the [[moshav]] of [[Kfar Vitkin]]. His parachute fully opened immediately before he hit the water several miles offshore, and he suffered three broken ribs, several cuts, and an injury to his groin.<ref name=Nyveen/> He began to swim to shore, but gave up after “a couple of hours.” He stood up, “and the water was only up to my knees. I’d been swimming for hours in water I could have stood up in at anytime. I didn’t realize it because I was so far out. The farmers . . . were shooting at me as I was coming in out of the water. They thought I was an Arab pilot.” <ref name=Nyveen/>


The problem for Rubenfeld was that the Israeli Air Force had not only been a secret to the Egyptians—it had also been a secret to Israeli citizens. Thus, the moshavniks of Kfar Vitkin assumed that Rubenfeld was an Arab pilot. Rubenfeld knew no Hebrew, and knew very little Yiddish, so in order to convince them he was Jewish, he reportedly shouted the only thing he could remember: “Shabbos, gefilte fish! Shabbos, gefilte fish!” <ref name=Nyveen/><ref name="Yonay |p.34"/><ref name="Ezer |p.63"/><ref name="Weiss |p.136"/><ref name=Livingston>{{cite book |title=No trophy no sword: an American volunteer in the Air Force during the 1948 War of Independence |last=Livingston |first=Harold |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1994 |publisher=Q, Inc. |location=Chicago |isbn= |page=130 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref>
The problem for Rubenfeld was that the Israeli Air Force had not only been a secret to the Egyptians -- it had also been a secret to Israeli citizens. Thus, the moshavniks of Kfar Vitkin assumed that Rubenfeld was an Arab pilot. Rubenfeld knew no Hebrew, and knew very little Yiddish, so in order to convince them he was Jewish, he reportedly shouted the only thing he could remember: “Shabbos, gefilte fish! Shabbos, gefilte fish!” <ref name=Nyveen/> <ref name=Yonay |p.34/> <ref name=Ezer |p.63/> <ref name=Weiss |p.136/><ref name=Livingston>{{cite book |title=No trophy no sword: an American volunteer in the Air Force during the 1948 War of Independence |last=Livingston |first=Harold |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1994 |publisher=Q, Inc. |location=Chicago |isbn= |page=130 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref>


Despite its being widely reported, this version of events might have been a legend that simply “went viral” in its day. In an interview nearly 50 years later, Rubenfeld said that he couldn’t remember what he was shouting, but that the moshavniks were indeed shooting at him.<ref name=Nyveen/> It is logical to assume that he said something to them to convince them not to hurt him, but it might have been less (or more) colorful than what was reported.
Despite its being widely reported, this version of events might have been a legend that simply “went viral” in its day. In an interview nearly 50 years later, Rubenfeld said that he couldn’t remember what he was shouting, but that the moshavniks were indeed shooting at him. <ref name=Nyveen/>. It is logical to assume that he said something to them to convince them not to hurt him, but it might have been less (or more) colorful than what was reported.


== Impact ==
== Impact ==
{{Main|Mahal (Israel)}}
{{Main|Mahal (Israel)}}


As noted, the actions of Rubenfeld and the other four initial pilots had a profound effect on the conduct of the war. The enemy was evidently so surprised by the presence of the little air force, that they stopped their advance toward the capital, which bought time for the rest of Israel's forces (which had a large contingent of foreign fighters, or ''machalniks'') to become better organized.
As noted, the actions of Rubenfeld and the other four initial pilots had a profound effect on the conduct of the war. The enemy was evidently so surprised by the presence of the little air force, that they stopped their advance toward the capital, which bought time for the rest of Israel's forces (which had a large contingent of foreign fighters, or <i>machalniks</i>) to become better organized.


In addition, Milt Rubenfeld’s mission had an immediate benefit for the moshavniks of Kfar Vitkin. They were able to salvage and mount the guns from Rubenfeld’s downed fighter, which they used for their defense.<ref name=Nyveen/>
In addition, Milt Rubenfeld’s mission had an immediate benefit for the moshavniks of Kfar Vitkin. They were able to salvage and mount the guns from Rubenfeld’s downed fighter, which they used for their defense.<ref name=Nyveen/>


Rubenfeld returned to the United States soon after this mission, to receive follow-up medical care.<ref name=Nyveen/> He married a few years later; he and his wife, Judy, had three children, with his family living first in Oneonta, New York, then Sarasota, Florida. Forty years after his mission, Milt and Judy were cast as "atmosphere characters" (extras) in their son [[Paul Reubens]]’ 1988 movie, ''[[Big Top Pee-wee]]'', thus earning Milt—on top of his military achievements—an entry (albeit a stub) in the Internet Movie Data Base.<ref name=imdb>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0747880/ |title=''Big Top Pee-wee'' |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=August 10, 2011}}</ref> Milt Rubenfeld died in Sarasota on February 21, 2004, at the age of 84.
Rubenfeld returned to the United States soon after this mission, to receive follow-up medical care <ref name=Nyveen/>. He married a few years later; he and his wife, Judy, had three children, with his family living first in Oneonta, New York, then Sarasota, Florida. Forty years after his mission, Milt and Judy were cast as "atmosphere characters" (extras) in their son [[Paul Reubens]]’ 1988 movie, <i>[[Big Top Pee-wee]]</i>, thus earning Milt -- on top of his military achievements -- an entry (albeit a stub) in the Internet Movie Data Base.<ref name=imdb>{{cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0747880/ |title=<i>Big Top Pee-wee</i> |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=August 10, 2011}}</ref> Milt Rubenfeld died in Sarasota on February 21, 2004, at the age of 84.


== References ==
== References ==
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{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


<!--- Categories --->


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME = Rubenfeld, Milton
| NAME = Rubenfeld, Milton
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British, American and Israeli military pilot
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1919-09-13
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1919-09-13
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Peekskill, New York]]
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Peekskill, New York]]

Revision as of 01:26, 8 August 2012

Milton Rubenfeld USAAF 1942
Milton Rubenfeld
Nickname(s)"Ruby", Milt, "Cy"
Born(1919-09-13)September 13, 1919
Peekskill, New York
Died(2004-02-21)February 21, 2004
Sarasota, Florida
AllegianceUnited States
Service / branchRoyal Air Force
U.S. Army Air Force
Israeli Air Force
Years of service1942-1948
RankFlight Officer
AwardsWorld War II Victory Medal
RelationsJudy Rubenfeld, wife
Paul Reubens, son
Abby Rubenfeld, daughter
Luke Rubenfeld, son

Milton "Milt" Rubenfeld (13 September 1919 - 21 February 2004), was a pilot who flew for the Royal Air Force and U.S. Army during World War II, later becoming one of the five founding pilots of the Israeli Air Force in Israel's War of Independence. It is widely believed that Rubenfeld, the other four volunteer pilots, and the other machalniks changed the course of the War of Independence. He was injured and returned to the United States, and settled in New York state, where he married and owned a local business with his wife, Judy. Later, he moved his family to Sarasota, Florida, where he and his wife owned another successful business until he retired. He died in 2004.

Early life

Born in Peekskill, the fourth of six children of Louis and Gussie Rubenfeld, [1] Milton Rubenfeld was an Eagle Scout, a student in New York University and the University of New Mexico (where he also hunted rattlesnakes),[2] and taught aerobatics. [3]

When World War II broke out in Europe, he wanted to fly combat missions; however, the United States was not yet in the war [2]. Rubenfeld decided to fly with the Royal Air Force in England, with the 420 Squadron. [3] When the United States declared war on Germany, Rubenfeld signed on as a pilot with the U.S. Army.[2]

Flying for Israel

Quote from Ezer Weizman, 1976

On the ground the military situation was critical, and in the air the Egyptian air force was king of the skies. . . It could do literally anything it wanted. Its Dakotas and Spitfires bombed Tel Aviv and only encountered sporadic anti-aircraft fire. Of course there was no time to consider trifles, such as the fact that [the Avia S-199's] had never taken off, or even been tested in flight, their parts had not been checked, no one knew whether their systems functioned or if their machine-guns fired. No one was sure that their bombs would drop -- or that their wings wouldn’t. These questions had to be shoved aside. . . We swung out to sea . . . and swooped towards the Egyptian column. The sight took my breath away. . . [not much] stood between it and Tel Aviv. . . I must confess I had a profound sense of fulfilling a great mission.[4]

In February 1948, the Haganah set up an agency in the United States headed by Hyman Shechtman (later, Shamir) assisted by Al Schwimmer, to recruit U.S. combat air veterans, both aircrew and ground crew, for the Haganah’s ”Air Service.” [5] Knowing of Rubenfeld’s combat experience, Shamir approached Rubenfeld in early 1948 and asked him if he wanted to fly for the new state of Israel, and Rubenfeld -- “a small, swarthy former USAF pilot, so cocky he seemed to swagger even while sitting down”[6] -- agreed.[3]

In early 1948, Rubenfeld flew transport planes on a few missions to and from Israel, until early May, when he reported to Ceske Budejovice, in Czechoslovakia, where he and the other pilots began training on the Avia S-199, a Czech airplane roughly based on the German Messerschmitt Bf 109.[3] After evaluating the results of that training, it became clear to the Israeli instructors that only those pilots with previous combat pilot experience -- Milt Rubenfeld, Modi Alon, Ezer Weizman, Lou Lenart, and Eddie Cohen -- were going to be able to fly the Avia S-199, at least initially. [7] (Rubenfeld and Lenart were the two U.S. citizens in this group.) These five pilots finished the course in Czechoslovakia and, on May 20, 1948, reported to their base in Ekron Air Base (now Tel Nof Airbase) in Israel. [3] As of Israel’s independence day -- May 15, 1948 -- these five pilots (and four S-199’s) constituted the entire Israeli Air Force.

Main article: 1948 Arab-Israeli War

The existence of the tiny air force had been kept secret from the Arab forces that had entered Israel after its Independence Day. Israel’s leaders knew that the first time they launched the four airplanes (and made their presence known), their targets had to be critical. The plan initially was to attack a squadron of Egyption Spitfires and Dakotas at El Arish, a base on the northern coast of the Sinai.[4] That order was changed “at the last minute” due to the increasing danger of a direct ground attack on Tel Aviv. The four fighters were ordered to bomb and strafe the Egyptian armored column that was advancing towards Tel Aviv.[6]

Since there were five pilots and only four airplanes, one pilot had to remain behind for that first mission on May 29, 1948: that was Milt Rubenfeld. However, his turn would come the following day.

They lost one pilot on that first mission: South African Eddie Cohen. It wasn’t known whether he was shot down or had technical difficulties [4].

Main article: Avia S-199

Also on that mission, Lenart’s and Weizman’s cannons had both jammed. [8] In fact, there were many inherent design and performance defects with the Avia S-199, including a defect that rendered the cowl guns unsynchronized with the propeller, causing bullet damage to the propeller (which the first group of pilots luckily did not experience). [7] The S-199 also had a tendency to ground loop, which Modi Alon’s airplane did upon landing, rendering it unflyable for a time [4]. Weizman later commented that the main problem with the S-199 was “the stress on the pilot. So much went wrong with the aircraft, it was nerve-wracking just climbing into one.” [7]

Israeli Avia S-199 in 1948

Rubenfeld’s opinion of the Avia S-199, expressed in an interview nearly fifty years later: “It wasn’t a very nice airplane”. [3]

However, the first mission on 5/29/1948 was not a failure. The commander of the Egyptian ground forces was evidently shaken by the unexpected encounter with Israeli fighters: he ordered his troops to hold their position and advised Cairo that he was not advancing toward Tel Aviv. “It was as close as the Egyptians would ever come to Tel Aviv. With one raid, the air force had potentially altered the course of the war."[8]

Rubenfeld Mission, 5-30-48

To keep up the pressure on the Arab forces, the second sortie launched approximately 12 hours after the first mission returned [3]. At 0530 on May 30, 1948, Milt Rubenfeld (Red 2) and Ezer Weizman (Red 1) launched in the only two remaining airworthy airplanes. Their mission was to attack positions around Tulkarm, on the eastern front.

Rubenfeld was debriefed on his return. The notes of the person who debriefed him were saved by the Israeli Defense Force (see sidebar)[7]

Quote from Transcript of Rubenfeld Debrief

5-30-48

Took off . . . supposed to rendezvous with Wheizman (Red 1), circled our drome for aprox. 10’ looking for Red 1, could not find him and took off for target area headed for coast, followed coast up to Natanya, (150 feet, visibility very poor)... made run to target (E to SW) opened fire at 400 yards at Danaba (0 feet) made good hits on important houses (one of them a tower) and dropped one bomb from about 100 feet on Danaba, opened fire with MG and Cannons on Tulkarm Police Station and dropped the second bomb on Police St... West of Tulkarm (+Rd) made a 90 degree turn to N attacked 4 tanks (light British (Alexander)) registered hits (tracer) on all 4 of them (0 distance). No flack until hit right over tanks (50 yards) by 2 cannon shells one in left wing and 1 in belly. Went out of control (25 feet) and got a/c under control after being on my back. left wing crumpled up. Climbed above clouds. all instruments gone . . . aprox over Kafr El Laba saw Spit a/c for the 1 time . . . Noticed that Spit unidentified a/c made steep turn to left pointing his nose directly at me just over cloud base. I made steep turn towards him opened at aprox 300 yards saw two big chunks (like big chairs) falling out of a/c. . . I headed for coast at (295 degrees) saw enemy a/c smoke trailing out of it heading for coast. By then I was on fire, left wing smoky. Wanted to get through emergency hatch but had difficulties [this was another design flaw of the S-199 [7]] . . . I finaly managed to get out. (1200 feet) landed in water swam ashore (kibutz people firing all the time) . . . Once ashore the kibutz people helped me taking me to hospital (Natanya) interviewed by Haganah when in kibutz. . . Was sent back from Hospital by taxi to T.A. [Tel Aviv]. Haganah was very pleased with raid...

After Rubenfeld's fighter was hit, he managed to fly it to Israeli territory, bailing out at 1200 feet over the Mediterranean Sea near the moshav of Kfar Vitkin. His parachute fully opened immediately before he hit the water several miles offshore, and he suffered three broken ribs, several cuts, and an injury to his groin.[3] He began to swim to shore, but gave up after “a couple of hours.” He stood up, “and the water was only up to my knees. I’d been swimming for hours in water I could have stood up in at anytime. I didn’t realize it because I was so far out. The farmers . . . were shooting at me as I was coming in out of the water. They thought I was an Arab pilot.” [3]

The problem for Rubenfeld was that the Israeli Air Force had not only been a secret to the Egyptians -- it had also been a secret to Israeli citizens. Thus, the moshavniks of Kfar Vitkin assumed that Rubenfeld was an Arab pilot. Rubenfeld knew no Hebrew, and knew very little Yiddish, so in order to convince them he was Jewish, he reportedly shouted the only thing he could remember: “Shabbos, gefilte fish! Shabbos, gefilte fish!” [3] [6] [4] [8][9]

Despite its being widely reported, this version of events might have been a legend that simply “went viral” in its day. In an interview nearly 50 years later, Rubenfeld said that he couldn’t remember what he was shouting, but that the moshavniks were indeed shooting at him. [3]. It is logical to assume that he said something to them to convince them not to hurt him, but it might have been less (or more) colorful than what was reported.

Impact

Main article: Mahal (Israel)

As noted, the actions of Rubenfeld and the other four initial pilots had a profound effect on the conduct of the war. The enemy was evidently so surprised by the presence of the little air force, that they stopped their advance toward the capital, which bought time for the rest of Israel's forces (which had a large contingent of foreign fighters, or machalniks) to become better organized.

In addition, Milt Rubenfeld’s mission had an immediate benefit for the moshavniks of Kfar Vitkin. They were able to salvage and mount the guns from Rubenfeld’s downed fighter, which they used for their defense.[3]

Rubenfeld returned to the United States soon after this mission, to receive follow-up medical care [3]. He married a few years later; he and his wife, Judy, had three children, with his family living first in Oneonta, New York, then Sarasota, Florida. Forty years after his mission, Milt and Judy were cast as "atmosphere characters" (extras) in their son Paul Reubens’ 1988 movie, Big Top Pee-wee, thus earning Milt -- on top of his military achievements -- an entry (albeit a stub) in the Internet Movie Data Base.[10] Milt Rubenfeld died in Sarasota on February 21, 2004, at the age of 84.

References

  1. ^ "Rubenfeld, Honorable Leonard (obituary)". The Journal News. 2009-12-09. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  2. ^ a b c "Milton Rubenfeld (obituary)" (PDF). American Veterans of Israel. 2004 Winter. Retrieved 10 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Nyveen, Lawrence. "Pilots and others of the 101st Squadron (Milton Rubenfeld)". Retrieved 1 August 2011.
  4. ^ a b c d e Weizman, Ezer (1976). On eagles’ wings: the personal story of the leading commander of the Israeli Air Force. New York: Berkley Medallion. pp. 60–61. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  5. ^ Simon, Smoky. "Haganah". World Machal: volunteers from overseas in the Israel Defense Forces. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  6. ^ a b c Yonay, Ehud (1993). No margin for error: the making of the Israeli Air Force. New York: Pantheon. p. 4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e Nyveen, Lawrence; Yofe, Alex (2007). Avia S-199 in Israeli Air Force Service 1948-1950. San Jose, CA: White Crow. p. 4. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  8. ^ a b c Weiss, Jeffrey; Weiss, Craig (1998). I am my brother’s keeper: American volunteers in Israel’s War for Independence. Atglen, PA: Schiffer. pp. 60–61. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  9. ^ Livingston, Harold (1994). No trophy no sword: an American volunteer in the Air Force during the 1948 War of Independence. Chicago: Q, Inc. p. 130. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ "Big Top Pee-wee". Retrieved August 10, 2011.


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