Luigi Galvani

"Galvani" redirects here. For other uses, see Galvani (disambiguation).

Luigi Aloisio Galvani
Luigi Galvani: Italian physician famous for pioneering bioelectricity
Born	(1737-09-09)September 9, 1737 Bologna, Papal States
Died	December 4, 1798(1798-12-04) (aged 61) Bologna, Papal States
Known for	Bioelectricity animal electricity
Scientific career
Institutions	University of Bologna

Luigi Aloisio Galvani (Latin: Aloysius Galvani) (September 9, 1737 – December 4, 1798) was an Italian physician and physicist who had also studied medicine and had practised as a doctor, lived and died in Bologna. In 1771, he discovered that the muscles of dead frogs legs twitched when struck by a spark. This was one of the first forays into the study of bioelectricity, a field that still today studies the electrical patterns and signals of the nervous system.

Early life

Luigi Galvani was born to Domenico and Barbara Foschi in Bologna, Italy. His father, Domenico, was a goldsmith and his mother Barbara, was Domenico's fourth wife. His family was not aristocracy, but they could afford to send at least one of their sons to undertake a scholarly career. At first he wished to enter the church and joined a religious institution, Oratorio dei Padri Filippini, at 15 years old. He was going to take his religious vows, but was discouraged from doing so. In approximately 1755, Galvani entered the Faculty of the Arts of the University of Bologna. Galvani attended the medicine course, which lasted four years, and was characterized by its 'bookish' teaching. Texts that dominated this course were by Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna.

Another discipline Galvani learned alongside of medicine was surgery. He learned the theory and the practice. This part of his history is typically overlooked, but it helped with his experiments with animals and helped familiarize Galvani with the manipulation of a living body. However, Galvani was always interested in electricity.

In 1759, Galvani graduated with degrees in medicine and philosophy. He applied for a position as a lecturer at the university. Part of this process required him to defend his thesis on June 21, 1761. In the following year, he became a permanent anatomist of the university and was appointed honorary lecturer of surgery.

The year 1762 proved to be very important for Galvani. Not only did he receive the new position with the university, but he married Lucia Galeazzi, daughter of one of his professors, Gusmano Galeazzi. Galvani moved into the Galeazzi house and helped Galeazzie with his research. When Galeazzi died in 1775, Galvani was appointed professor ad lecturam antomicam cum ostensione partium humani coporis domi in Galeazzi's place.

Galvani moved from the position of lecturer of surgery to theoretical anatomy and obtained an appointment at the Institute of Sciences in 1766. His new appointment consisted of the practical teaching of anatomy, which was conducted through human dissections and the use of the famous anatomical waxes.

As a "Benedectine member" of the Academy of Sciences, Galvani had certain commitments. His main one was to present at least one research paper every year at the Academy. Galvani carried out this commitment until his death. There was a periodical publication that collected a selection of the memoirs presented at the institution, and it was sent around to main scientific academies and institutions around the world. However, since publications then was so slow, sometimes there were debates on priority of the topics used. One of these debates occurred with Antonio Scarpa. This debated caused Galvani to give up the field of research that he had presented on four years in a row: the hearing of birds, quadrupeds, and humans. Galvani had announced all of the findings in his talks, but had yet to publish them. It is suspected that Scarpa attended Galvani's public dissertation and may have taken claim on some of Galvani's discoveries without crediting him.

Galvani then began taking an interest in the field of "medical electricity." This field emerged in the middle of the 18th century, following the electrical researches and the discovery of the effects of electricity on the human body.

File:Galvani-frog-legs.PNG

Late 1780s diagram of Galvani's experiment on frog legs

The beginning of Galvani's experience with electricity has a popular version of the story. Galvani was slowly skinning a frog at a table where he had been conducting experiments with static electricity by rubbing frog skin. Galvani's assistant touched an exposed sciatic nerve of the frog with a metal scalpel, which picked up a charge. At that moment, they saw sparks and the dead frog's leg kick as if in life. The observation made Galvani the first investigator to appreciate the relationship between electricity and animation — or life. This finding provided the basis for the new understanding that electrical energy (carried by ions), and not air or fluid as in earlier balloonist theories, is the impetus behind muscle movement. He is poorly credited with the discovery of bioelectricity.

Galvani coined the term animal electricity to describe the force that activated the muscles of his specimens. Along with contemporaries, he regarded their activation as being generated by an electrical fluid that is carried to the muscles by the nerves. The phenomenon was dubbed galvanism, after Galvani, on the suggestion of his peer and sometime intellectual adversary Alessandro Volta. Today, the study of galvanic effects in biology is called electrophysiology, the term galvanism being used only in historical contexts.

Galvani vs. Volta: animal electricity or heat electricity?

Electrodes touch a frog, and the legs twitch into the upward position

Alessandro Volta, a professor of physics in Pavia, was among the first scientists who repeated and checked Galvani’s experiments. At first, he embraced animal electricity. However, he started to doubt that the conductions were caused by a specific electricity intrinsic to animals. Volta believed that the contractions depended on the metals Galvani used to connect nerves and muscles in his experiments.

Volta's investigations led shortly to the invention of an early battery. Galvani did not perceive electricity as separable from biology. Galvani did not see electricity as the essence of life, which he regarded vitalistically. Galvani believed that the animal electricity came from the muscle. Galvani's associate Alessandro Volta, in opposition, reasoned that the animal electricity was a physical phenomenon caused by rubbing frog skin and not a metallic electricity.

Every cell has a cell potential; biological electricity has the same chemical underpinnings as the current between electrochemical cells, and thus can be duplicated outside the body. Volta's intuition was correct. Volta, essentially, objected to Galvani’s conclusions about "animal electric fluid", but the two scientists disagreed respectfully and Volta coined the term "galvanism" for a direct current of electricity produced by chemical action. Thus, owing to an argument between the two in regard to the source or cause of the electricity, Volta built the first battery in order to specifically disprove his associate's theory. Volta's “pile” became known therefore as a voltaic pile.

After the controversy with Volta, Galvani kept a low profile partly because of his attitude towards the controversy, and partly because his health and spirits had declined, especially after the death of his wife, Lucia, in 1790.

Since Galvani was reluctant to intervene in the controversy with Volta, he trusted his nephew to act as the main defender of the theory of animal electricity.

Galvani’s landmarks in Bologna

Luigi Galvani's monument in Piazza Luigi Galvani (Luigi Galvani Square), in Bologna

Galvani’s home in Bologna has been preserved and can be seen in the central

Galvani’s monument. In the square dedicated to him, facing the palace of the Archiginnasio, the ancient seat of the University of Bologna, a big marble statue has been erected to the scientist while observing one of his famous frog experiments.

Liceo Ginnasio Luigi Galvani. This famous secondary school (liceo) dating back to 1860 was named after Luigi Galvani.

Death and legacy

Galvani actively investigated animal electricity until the end of his life. The Cisalpine Republic, a French client state founded in 1797 after the French occupation of Northern Italy, required every university professor to swear loyalty to the new authority. Galvani, who disagreed with the social and political confusion, refused to swear loyalty, along with other colleagues. This led to the new authority depriving him of all his academic and public positions, which took every financial support away. Galvani died in Bologna, in his brother’s house, on December 4, 1798.

Galvani's legacy includes:

• Galvani's report of his investigations were mentioned specifically by Mary Shelley as part of the summer reading list leading up to an ad hoc ghost story contest on a rainy day in Switzerland — and the resultant novel Frankenstein — and its reanimated construct. However, there is no direct mention of electrical reanimation in Frankenstein.
• Galvani's name also survives in the Galvanic cell, Galvani potential, galvanic corrosion, the galvanometer and galvanization.
• The crater Galvani on the Moon is named after him.
• The Società Chimica Italiana awards a medal to recognize the work of foreign electrochemists.

See also

• galvanize – Wiktionary definition

Works

• De viribus electricitatis, 1791. The International Centre for the History of Universities and Science (CIS), Università di Bologna

External links

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Galvani, Luigi" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.