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EGR valve on top of the inlet manifold of a Saab H engine in a 1987 Saab 90

In internal combustion engines, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions reduction technique used in petrol/gasoline and diesel engines. EGR works by recirculating a portion of an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders. In a gasoline engine, this inert exhaust displaces the amount of combustible matter in the cylinder. In a diesel engine, the exhaust gas replaces some of the excess oxygen in the pre-combustion mixture.^[1] Because NOx forms primarily when a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen is subjected to high temperature, the lower combustion chamber temperatures caused by EGR reduces the amount of NOx the combustion generates.^[2] Most modern engines now require exhaust gas recirculation to meet emissions standards.

History

The first EGR systems were crude; some were as simple as an orifice jet between the exhaust and intake tracts which admitted exhaust to the intake tract whenever the engine was running. Difficult starting, rough idling, and reduced performance and fuel economy resulted.^[3] By 1973, an EGR valve controlled by manifold vacuum opened or closed to admit exhaust to the intake tract only under certain conditions. Control systems grew more sophisticated as automakers gained experience; Chrysler's "Coolant Controlled Exhaust Gas Recirculation" system of 1973 exemplified this evolution: a coolant temperature sensor blocked vacuum to the EGR valve until the engine reached normal operating temperature.^[3] This prevented driveability problems due to unnecessary exhaust induction; NOx forms under elevated temperature conditions generally not present with a cold engine. Moreover, the EGR valve was controlled, in part, by vacuum drawn from the carburetor's venturi, which allowed more precise constraint of EGR flow to only those engine load conditions under which NOx is likely to form.^[4] Later, backpressure transducers were added to the EGR valve control to further tailor EGR flow to engine load conditions. Most modern engines now need exhaust gas recirculation to meet emissions standards. However, recent innovations have led to the development of engines that do not require them. The 3.6 Chrysler Pentastar engine is one example that does not require EGR.^[5]

EGR in spark-ignited engines

The exhaust gas, added to the fuel, oxygen, and combustion products, increases the specific heat capacity of the cylinder contents, which lowers the adiabatic flame temperature.

In a typical automotive spark-ignited (SI) engine, 5 to 15 percent of the exhaust gas is routed back to the intake as EGR. The maximum quantity is limited by the requirement of the mixture to sustain a contiguous flame front during the combustion event; excessive EGR in poorly set up applications can cause misfires and partial burns. Although EGR does measurably slow combustion, this can largely be compensated for by advancing spark timing. The impact of EGR on engine efficiency largely depends on the specific engine design, and sometimes leads to a compromise between efficiency and NOx emissions. A properly operating EGR can theoretically increase the efficiency of gasoline engines via several mechanisms:

Reduced throttling losses. The addition of inert exhaust gas into the intake system means that for a given power output, the throttle plate must be opened further, resulting in decreased inlet manifold pressure and reduced throttling losses.
Reduced heat rejection. Lowered peak combustion temperatures not only reduces NOx formation, it also reduces the loss of thermal energy to combustion chamber surfaces, leaving more available for conversion to mechanical work during the expansion stroke.
Reduced chemical dissociation. The lower peak temperatures result in more of the released energy remaining as sensible energy near TDC, rather than being bound up (early in the expansion stroke) in the dissociation of combustion products. This effect is minor compared to the first two.

It also decreases the efficiency of gasoline engines via at least one more mechanism:

Reduced specific heat ratio. A lean intake charge has a higher specific heat ratio than an EGR mixture. A reduction of specific heat ratio reduces the amount of energy that can be extracted by the piston.

EGR is typically not employed at high loads because it would reduce peak power output. This is because it reduces the intake charge density. EGR is also omitted at idle (low-speed, zero load) because it would cause unstable combustion, resulting in rough idle. The EGR valve also cools the exhaust valves and makes them last far longer (a very important benefit under light cruise conditions).^{[citation needed]}

Since the EGR system recirculates a portion of exhaust gases, over time the valve can become clogged with carbon deposits that prevent it from operating properly. Clogged EGR valves can sometimes be cleaned, but replacement is necessary if the valve is faulty.

EGR implementations

Usually, an engine recirculates exhaust gas by piping it from the exhaust manifold to the inlet manifold. This design is called external EGR. A control valve (EGR Valve) within the circuit regulates and times the gas flow. Some engines incorporate a camshaft with relatively large overlap during which both the intake valve and the exhaust valve are open, thus trapping exhaust gas within the cylinder by not fully expelling it during the exhaust stroke. A form of internal EGR is used in the rotary Atkinson cycle engine.^{[citation needed]}

EGR can also be implemented by using a variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) which uses variable inlet guide vanes to build sufficient backpressure in the exhaust manifold. For EGR to flow, a pressure difference is required across the intake and exhaust manifold and this is created by the VGT.^{[citation needed]}

Another method that has been experimented with, is using a throttle in a turbocharged diesel engine to decrease the intake pressure, thereby initiating EGR flow.^{[citation needed]}

Modern systems utilizing electronic engine control computers, multiple control inputs, and servo-driven EGR valves typically improve performance/efficiency with no impact on drivability. ^{[citation needed]}

In most modern engines, a faulty or disabled EGR system will cause the computer to display a check engine light and the vehicle to fail an emissions test.^{[citation needed]}

In diesel engines

By feeding the lower oxygen exhaust gas into the intake, diesel EGR systems lower combustion temperature, reducing emissions of NOx. This makes combustion less efficient, compromising economy and power. The normally "dry" intake system of a diesel engine is now subject to fouling from soot, unburned fuel and oil in the EGR bleed, which has little effect on airflow but can cause problems with components such as swirl flaps, where fitted. Diesel EGR also increases soot production, though this was masked in the US by the simultaneous introduction of diesel particulate filters.^[6] EGR systems can also add abrasive contaminants and increase engine oil acidity, which in turn can reduce engine longevity.^[7]

Though engine manufacturers have refused to release details of the effect of EGR on fuel economy, the EPA regulations of 2002 that led to the introduction of cooled EGR were associated with a 3% drop in engine efficiency, bucking a trend of a .5% a year increase.^[8]

References

^ Exhaust Emissions and Driveability — Chrysler Corporation, 1973
^ "What is the EGR valve and what does it do?". Yahoo! Autos. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
^ ^a ^b Rosen (Ed.), Erwin M. (1975). The Peterson automotive troubleshooting & repair manual. Grosset & Dunlap, Inc. ISBN 978-0-448-11946-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ [http://www.imperialclub.com/Repair/Lit/Master/302/page07.htm "1973 Cleaner Air System Highlights" — Chrysler Corporation,
^ "2011 Dodge Challenger Officially Revealed With 305-HP Pentastar V6". Retrieved 26 September 2011.
^ SCR or EGR? - FleetOwner magazine.
^ Bennett, Sean (2004). Medium/Heavy Duty Truck Engines, Fuel & Computerized Management Systems 2nd Edition, ISBN 1-4018-1499-9. Page: 206
^ Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership, National Academies Press, 2008, p. 98

Heywood, John B., "Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals," McGraw Hill, 1988.
van Basshuysen, Richard, and Schäfer, Fred, "Internal Combustion Engine Handbook," SAE International, 2004.
"Bosch Automotive Handbook," 3rd Edition, Robert Bosch GmbH, 1993.

External links

Lecture notes on improving fuel efficiency that discusses the effects of specific heat ratio, University of Washington
Diesel cycle calculator that can be used to show the effect of specific heat ratio, Georgia State University HyperPhysics
A Chrysler Imperial fan club describes different EGR control mechanisms

[MTSC_73-7-1] Exhaust Emissions and Driveability — Chrysler Corporation, 1973

[yahooegr-2] "What is the EGR valve and what does it do?". Yahoo! Autos. Retrieved 22 March 2011.

[Petersen-3] Rosen (Ed.), Erwin M. (1975). The Peterson automotive troubleshooting & repair manual. Grosset & Dunlap, Inc. ISBN 978-0-448-11946-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[MTSC_73-1-4] [http://www.imperialclub.com/Repair/Lit/Master/302/page07.htm "1973 Cleaner Air System Highlights" — Chrysler Corporation,

[5] "2011 Dodge Challenger Officially Revealed With 305-HP Pentastar V6". Retrieved 26 September 2011.

[6] SCR or EGR? - FleetOwner magazine.

[Bennett-7] Bennett, Sean (2004). Medium/Heavy Duty Truck Engines, Fuel & Computerized Management Systems 2nd Edition, ISBN 1-4018-1499-9. Page: 206

[8] Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership, National Academies Press, 2008, p. 98

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@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 In a typical automotive [[Spark Ignition Engine|spark-ignited]] (SI) engine, 5 to 15 percent of the exhaust gas is routed back to the intake as EGR.  The maximum quantity is limited by the requirement of the mixture to sustain a contiguous flame front during the combustion event; excessive EGR in poorly set up applications can cause misfires and partial burns.  Although EGR does measurably slow combustion, this can largely be compensated for by advancing spark timing.  The impact of EGR on engine efficiency largely depends on the specific engine design, and sometimes leads to a compromise between efficiency and NOx emissions.  A properly operating EGR can theoretically increase the efficiency of gasoline engines via several mechanisms:
-* '''Reduced throttling losses'''.  The addition of inert exhaust gas into the intake system means that for a given power output, the [[throttle plate]] must be opened further, resulting in increased inlet manifold pressure and reduced throttling losses.
+* '''Reduced throttling losses'''.  The addition of inert exhaust gas into the intake system means that for a given power output, the [[throttle plate]] must be opened further, resulting in decreased inlet manifold pressure and reduced throttling losses.
 * '''Reduced heat rejection'''.  Lowered peak combustion temperatures not only reduces NOx formation, it also reduces the loss of thermal energy to combustion chamber surfaces, leaving more available for conversion to mechanical work during the expansion stroke.
 * '''Reduced chemical dissociation'''.  The lower peak temperatures result in more of the released energy remaining as sensible energy near TDC, rather than being bound up (early in the expansion stroke) in the dissociation of combustion products.  This effect is minor compared to the first two.