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{{Refimprove|date=January 2007}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Pears
| image = Pears.jpg
| image_caption = [[European Pear]] branch with fruit
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Amygdaloideae]]<ref name=Potter>{{cite journal | last1 = Potter | first1 = D. ''et al.'' | year = 2007 | title = Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae | url = | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 266 | issue = 1–2| pages = 5–43 | doi=10.1007/s00606-007-0539-9 | last2 = Eriksson | first2 = T. | last3 = Evans | first3 = R. C. | last4 = Oh | first4 = S. | last5 = Smedmark | first5 = J. E. E. | last6 = Morgan | first6 = D. R. | last7 = Kerr | first7 = M. | last8 = Robertson | first8 = K. R. | last9 = Arsenault | first9 = M.}} <nowiki>[Referring to the subfamily by the name "Spiraeoideae"]</nowiki></ref>
| tribus = [[Maleae]]
| subtribus = [[Malinae]]
| genus = '''''Pyrus'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
About 30 species; see text
}}

The '''brenden''' is any of several tree and shrub [[species]] of [[genus]] '''''Pyrus''''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|p|aɪ|r|ə|s}}), in the [[family]] Rosaceae. It is also the name of the [[pome|pomaceous]] fruit of these trees. Several species of pear are valued by humans for their edible fruit, while others are cultivated as ornamental trees. The genus ''Pyrus'' is classified in subtribe [[Pyrinae]] within tribe [[Pyreae]].

==Etymology==
The English word “pear” is probably from Common West Germanic ''pera'', probably a [[loanword]] of Vulgar Latin ''pira'', the plural of ''pirum'', akin to Greek ἄπιος ''apios'' (from Mycenaean ''ápisos''), which is likely of Semitic origin. {{citation needed|date=September 2012}} The [[Perry (disambiguation)#Places|place name ''Perry'']] and ''Pharisoulopol'' can indicate the historical presence of pear trees. The term "pyriform" is sometimes used to describe something which is "pear-shaped".

==Description==
[[File:Pyrus pyrifolia.jpg|thumb|right|Many varieties, such as the [[Nashi pear]], are not "[[pear-shaped]]"]]
The pear is [[native plant|native]] to coastal and mildly temperate regions of the Old World, from western Europe and north Africa east right across Asia. It is a medium-sized tree, reaching 10–17 m tall, often with a tall, narrow crown; a few species are [[shrub]]by. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternately arranged, simple, 2–12&nbsp;cm long, glossy green on some species, densely silvery-hairy in some others; leaf shape varies from broad oval to narrow lanceolate. Most pears are [[deciduous]], but one or two species in southeast Asia are [[evergreen]]. Most are cold-hardy, withstanding temperatures between −25 °C and −40 °C in winter, except for the evergreen species, which only tolerate temperatures down to about −15 °C.
The [[flower]]s are white, rarely tinted yellow or pink, 2–4&nbsp;cm diameter, and have five petals.<ref name="pearfruit">http://www.bouquetoffruits.com/fruit-facts/pear-facts.html {{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref> Like that of the related [[apple]], the pear fruit is a [[pome]], in most wild species 1–4&nbsp;cm diameter, but in some cultivated forms up to 18&nbsp;cm long and 8&nbsp;cm broad; the shape varies in most species from oblate or globose, to the classic pyriform '[[pear shaped|pear-shape]]' of the [[European pear]] with an elongated basal portion and a bulbous end.

The fruit is composed of the receptacle or upper end of the flower-stalk (the so-called [[calyx (botany)|calyx]] tube) greatly dilated. Enclosed within its cellular flesh is the true fruit: five [[cartilaginous]] [[carpels]], known colloquially as the "core". From the upper rim of the receptacle are given off the five [[sepal]]s{{Vague|now you are talking about the flower again|date=July 2009}}, the five [[petal]]s, and the very numerous [[stamen]]s.

Pears and apples cannot always be distinguished by the form of the fruit; some pears look very much like some apples. One major difference is that the flesh of pear fruit contains [[Ground tissue#Sclereids|stone cells]] (also called "grit").

==History==
[[File:Bradford 9288.JPG|left|thumb|[[Callery Pear]]s in flower]]
[[File:Alexander Lucas 10.10.10.jpg|left|thumb|Pear, "Alexander Lucas"]]
[[File:PearBlossomsCalifornia.jpg|thumb|right|Pear blossoms]]

The [[Pomology|cultivation]] of the pear in cool [[temperate climate]]s extends to the remotest antiquity, and there is evidence of its use as a food since prehistoric times. Many traces of it have been found in the [[Lake dwelling|Swiss lake-dwelling]]s. The word “pear”, or its equivalent, occurs in all the Celtic languages, while in Slavic and other dialects, differing appellations, still referring to the same thing, are found—a diversity and multiplicity of [[nomenclature]] which led [[Alphonse de Candolle]] to infer a very ancient cultivation of the tree from the shores of the Caspian to those of the Atlantic.

The pear was also cultivated by the Romans, who ate the fruits raw or cooked, just like apples.<ref name="Toussaint-Samat2009">{{cite book|author=Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat|title=A History of Food|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QmevzbQ0AsIC&pg=PA573|accessdate=2 September 2012|date=25 March 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-0514-2|page=573}}</ref> [[Pliny's Natural History]] recommended stewing them with honey and noted three dozen varieties. The Roman cookbook attributed to [[Apicius]], ''[[De re coquinaria]]'', has a recipe for a spiced, stewed-pear ''patina'', or soufflé.<ref>{{cite book|title=Apicius (with an introd. and an Engl. transl.)|year=2006|publisher=Prospect Books|location=Blackawton, Totnes|isbn=978-1-903018-13-2|page=IV.2.35 |author1=Sally Grainger|author2=Christopher Grocock|edition=Critical}}</ref>

A certain race of pears, with white down on the [[Epidermis (botany)|under surface]] of their leaves, is supposed to have originated from ''P. nivalis'', and their fruit is chiefly used in France in the manufacture of [[perry]] (see also [[cider]]). Other small-fruited pears, distinguished by their early ripening and apple-like fruit, may be referred to as ''P. cordata'', a species found wild in western France and southwestern England. Pears have been cultivated in China for approximately 3000 years.

The [[genus]] is thought to have originated in present-day western China in the foothills of the [[Tian Shan]], a mountain range of Central Asia, and to have spread to the north and south along mountain chains, evolving into a diverse group of over 20 widely recognized primary species {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}. The enormous number of varieties of the cultivated [[European pear]] (''Pyrus communis'' subsp. ''communis''), are without doubt derived from one or two wild [[subspecies]] (''P. communis'' subsp. ''pyraster'' and ''P. communis'' subsp. ''caucasica''), widely distributed throughout Europe, and sometimes forming part of the natural vegetation of the forests. Court accounts of Henry III of England record pears shipped from La Rochelle-Normande and presented to the King by the Sheriffs of the City of London. The French names of pears grown in English medieval gardens suggest that their reputation, at the least, was French; a favored variety in the accounts was named for Saint Rule or Regul', Bishop of Senlis.<ref name=Cecil>{{cite book|author=Evelyn Cecil|title=A History of Gardening in England|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Fk4KTrvZ8nMC|accessdate=12 April 2011|date=July 2006|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4286-3680-4|pages=35 ff}}</ref>

Asian species with medium to large edible fruit include ''P. pyrifolia'', ''P. ussuriensis'', ''P. × bretschneideri'', ''P. × sinkiangensis'', and ''P. pashia.'' Other small-fruited species are frequently used as [[rootstock]]s for the cultivated forms.

===Major recognized taxa===
[[File:204VicarWinkfield.jpg|thumb|right|Vicar of Winkfield pear, a heritage variety, no longer commonly found, [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]]]]
[[File:DriedPears.JPG|thumb|right|Pears are sometimes eaten dried]]
{|
|- valign=top
|
*''[[Pyrus amygdaliformis]]''—Almond-leaved pear
*''[[Pyrus armeniacifolia]]''
*''[[Pyrus boissieriana]]''
*''[[Pyrus bourgaeana]]''—Iberian pear
*''[[Pyrus × bretschneideri]]''—Chinese white pear; also classified as a subspecies of ''Pyrus pyrifolia''
*''[[Callery Pear|Pyrus calleryana]]''—Callery pear
*''[[Pyrus communis]]'' - European pear
**''[[Pyrus communis]]'' subsp. ''communis''—European pear (cultivars include [[d'Anjou|Beurre d'Anjou]], [[Williams pear|Bartlett]] and [[Bosc Pear|Beurre Bosc]])
**''Pyrus communis '' subsp. ''caucasica'' ([[syn.]] ''P. caucasica'')
**''[[Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster]]'' — Wild European Pear ([[syn.]] ''[[Pyrus pyraster]]'')
*''[[Pyrus cordata]]''—Plymouth pear
*''[[Pyrus cossonii]]''—Algerian pear
*''[[Pyrus dimorphophylla]]''
*''[[Pyrus elaeagnifolia]]''—Oleaster-leaved pear
*''[[Pyrus fauriei]]''
*''[[Pyrus gharbiana]]''
*''[[Pyrus glabra]]''
*''Pyrus hondoensis''
*''[[Pyrus koehnei]]''—Evergreen pear of southern China and Taiwan
*''[[Pyrus korshinskyi]]''
*''[[Pyrus mamorensis]]''
*''[[Pyrus nivalis]]''—Snow pear
*''[[Pyrus pashia]]''—Afghan pear
*''[[Pyrus ×phaeocarpa]]''
*''[[Pyrus pseudopashia]]''
*''[[Pyrus pyrifolia]]''—Nashi pear, ''Sha Li''; tree species native to China, Japan, and Korea, also known as the Asian pear
*''[[Pyrus regelii]]''
*''[[Pyrus salicifolia]]''—Willow-leaved pear
*''[[Pyrus × serrulata]]''
*''[[Pyrus × sinkiangensis]]''—thought to be an interspecific hybrid between ''P. ''×''bretschneideri'' and ''Pyrus communis''
*''[[Pyrus syriaca]]''
*''[[Pyrus ussuriensis]]''—Siberian pear
*''[[Pyrus xerophila]]''
|}

==Cultivation==
According to Pear Bureau Northwest, about 3000 known varieties of pears are grown worldwide. In the United States, only 10 heirloom varieties are widely recognized: Green Bartlett, Red Bartlett, Bosc, Green Anjou, Red Anjou, Comice, Forelle, Seckel, Concorde, and Starkrimson.<ref>[http://usapears.com/Recipes%20And%20Lifestyle/Now%20Serving/Pears%20and%20Varieties.aspx Pear Varieties]. usapears.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-12.</ref>
The pear is frequently raised by sowing the pips (seeds) of ordinary cultivated or of wild kinds, these forming what are known as free or pear stocks, on which the choicer varieties are [[Grafting|grafted]] for increase. Both quince and clonally-produced pear rootstocks are also used for ''Pyrus communis'' orchards. For new varieties the flowers can be [[Cross-breeding|cross-bred]] to preserve or combine desirable traits. The fruit of the pear is produced on spurs, which appear on shoots more than one year old.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}

Three species account for the vast majority of edible fruit production, the [[European pear]] ''Pyrus communis'' subsp. ''communis'' cultivated mainly in Europe and North America, the Chinese white pear (''bai li'') ''Pyrus ×bretschneideri'', and the [[Nashi pear]] ''Pyrus pyrifolia'' (also known as Asian pear or apple pear), both grown mainly in eastern Asia. There are thousands of [[cultivar]]s of these three species. A species grown in western China, ''P. sinkiangensis'', and ''P. pashia'', grown in southern China and south Asia, are also produced to a lesser degree.

Other species are used as [[rootstock]]s for European and Asian pears and as [[ornamental plant|ornamental trees]]. The [[Siberian Pear|Siberian pear]], ''Pyrus ussuriensis'' (which produces unpalatable fruit) has been crossed with ''Pyrus communis'' to breed hardier pear cultivars. The Bradford pear (''[[Pyrus calleryana]]'' 'Bradford') in particular has become widespread in North America, and is used only as an ornamental tree, as well as a blight-resistant rootstock for ''Pyrus communis'' fruit orchards. The Willow-leaved pear (''[[Pyrus salicifolia]]'') is grown for its attractive, slender, densely silvery-hairy leaves.

===Harvest===
Summer and autumn [[cultivar]]s of ''Pyrus communis'', being [[climacteric fruits]], are gathered before they are fully ripe, while they are still green, but snap off when lifted. In the case of the 'Passe Crassane', long the favored winter pear in France, the crop is traditionally gathered at three different times: the first a fortnight or more before it is ripe, the second a week or ten days after that, and the third when fully ripe. The first gathering will come into eating last, and thus the season of the fruit may be considerably prolonged.

Nashi pears are allowed to ripen on the tree.

===Diseases and pests===
{{Main|List of pear diseases|List of Lepidoptera that feed on pear trees}}

===Production===
[[File:2005pear and quince.svg|300px|thumb|right|Pear and [[quince]] output in 2005]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Top ten pear producers in 2010
|-
! style="background:#ddf; width:25%;"| Country
! style="background:#ddf; width:15%;"| Production ([[tonne]]s)
! style="background:#ddf; width:10%;"| Footnote
|-
| {{PRC}} || align=right |15,231,858 || align=right |
|-
| {{USA}} || align=right |738,085 || align=right |
|-
| {{ITA}} || align=right |736,646 || align=right |
|-
| {{ARG}} || align=right |704,200 || align=right | F
|-
| {{ESP}} || align=right |473,400 || align=right |
|-
| {{IND}} || align=right |382,000 || align=right | F
|-
| {{TUR}} || align=right |380,003 || align=right |
|-
| {{ZAF}} || align=right |368 495 || align=right |
|-
| {{KOR}} || align=right |307,820 || align=right |
|-
| {{BEL}} || align=right |307,270 || align=right |
|- style="background:#ccc;"
|| '''World'''
| style="text-align:right;"| '''22,731,087'''
| style="text-align:right;"| '''A'''
|-
|colspan=5 style="font-size:.7em"|No symbol = official figure, F = FAO estimate, <!-- * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated figure --> A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official, or estimates);<br>
Source: [http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division]
|}

==Storage==
Pears may be stored at room temperature until ripe.<ref name=cpma>[http://www.cpma.ca/en_hea_storage.asp Canadian Produce Marketing Association > Home Storage Guide for Fresh Fruits & Vegetables] Retrieved August 2010</ref> Pears are ripe when the flesh around the stem gives to gentle pressure.<ref name=cpma/> Ripe pears are optimally stored refrigerated, uncovered in a single layer, where they have a shelf life of 2 to 3 days.<ref name=cpma/>

==Uses==
[[File:Pyrus communis gestoofde stoofpeer Gieser Wildeman.jpg|right|thumb|''Gieser Wildeman'' simmered in red wine.]]
Pears are consumed fresh, canned, as [[juice]], and [[dried fruit|dried]]. The juice can also be used in [[Jelly (fruit preserves)|jellies]] and [[jam]]s, usually in combination with other fruits or berries. Fermented pear juice is called [[perry]] or pear cider.

Pears ripen at room temperature. They will [[ethylene|ripen faster]] if placed next to [[banana]]s in a fruit bowl.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/pears-can-be-ripened-perfection |title=Pears can be ripened to perfection |work=extension.oregonstate.edu |year=2011 [last update] |author= Judy Scott |author2=David Sugar |accessdate=August 30, 2011}}</ref> Refrigeration will slow further ripening. Pear Bureau Northwest offers tips on ripening and judging ripeness: Although the skin on Bartlett pears changes from green to yellow as they ripen, most varieties show little color change as they ripen. Because pears ripen from the inside out, the best way to judge ripeness is to "Check the Neck": apply gentle thumb pressure to the neck or stem end of the pear. If it yields to gentle pressure, then the pear is ripe, sweet, and juicy. If it is firm, leave the pear at room temperature and Check the Neck daily for ripeness.<ref>[http://www.usapears.org/Recipes%20And%20Lifestyle/Culinary%20Corner/Produce-Guide.aspx Pear Bureau Northwest]</ref>

The culinary or cooking pear is green but dry and hard, and only edible after several hours of cooking. Two Dutch cultivars are "Gieser Wildeman" (a sweet variety) and "Saint Remy" (slightly sour).<ref name="Koene2005">{{cite book|author=A. Koene|title=Food Shopper's Guide to Holland: A Comprehensive Review of the Finest Local and International Food Products in the Dutch Marketplace|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UgieKy9LsBAC&pg=PA79|accessdate=2 September 2012|date=20 November 2005|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.|isbn=978-90-5972-092-3|page=79}}</ref>

Pear [[wood]] is one of the preferred materials in the manufacture of high-quality [[woodwind]] instruments and [[furniture]]. It is also used for wood carving, and as a [[firewood]] to produce aromatic smoke for smoking meat or [[tobacco]]. Pear wood is valued for kitchen spoons, scoops and stirrers, as it does not contaminate food with color, flavor or smell, and resists warping and splintering despite repeated soaking and drying cycles. Lincoln<ref>Lincoln, William (1986). ''World Woods in Color''. Fresno, California, USA: Linden Publishing Co. Inc.. pp. 33, 207. ISBN 0-941936-20-1.</ref> describes it as "a fairly tough, very stable wood... (used for) carving... brushbacks, umbrella handles, measuring instruments such as set squares and T-squares... recorders... violin and guitar fingerboards and piano keys... decorative veneering." Pearwood is the favored wood for architect's rulers because it does not warp. It is similar to the wood of its relative, the apple tree, ''Pyrus malus'' (also called ''[[Malus domestica]]'') and used for many of the same purposes.<ref>Lincoln, William (1986). ''World Woods in Color''. Fresno, California, USA: Linden Publishing Co. Inc.. pp. 33, 207. ISBN 0-941936-20-1.</ref>

Pear leaves were smoked in Europe before tobacco was introduced.<ref>[http://info-tabac.noname.fr/histoire-du-tabac.html Info Tabac: histoire du tabac], accessed 3 June 2010. {{fr icon}}</ref><ref>[http://tabac-net.aphp.fr/tab-connaitre/tc-article/tc-art-histoire.html Bertrand Dautzenberg] (no date). Epidémiologie des maladies liées au tabac, accessed 3 June 2010. {{fr icon}}</ref>

==Health benefits==
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Pear, raw | kJ=242 | protein=0.38 g | fat=0 g | carbs=15.46 g | fiber=3.1 g | | sugars=9.80 g | iron_mg=0.17 | calcium_mg=9 | magnesium_mg=7 | phosphorus_mg=11 | potassium_mg=119 | zinc_mg=0.10 | vitC_mg=4.2 | pantothenic_mg=0.048 | vitB6_mg=0.028 | folate_ug=7 | thiamin_mg=0.012 | riboflavin_mg=0.025 | niacin_mg=0.157 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }}
Pears are a good source of [[dietary fiber]] and a good source of [[vitamin C]]. Most of the vitamin C, as well as the dietary fiber, is contained within the skin of the fruit.<ref>{{cite book|author=Phyllis A. Balch|title=Prescription for Dietary Wellness|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Z_kueEFK0f0C&pg=PA67|accessdate=12 April 2011|date=13 May 2003|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-58333-147-7|pages=67–}}</ref> According to the FDA's final rule dated July 25, 2006 "Food Labeling; Guidelines for Voluntary Nutrition Labeling of Raw Fruits, Vegetables, and Fish," the nutritional content of a medium-sized fresh pear weighing 166g/5.9oz is as follows:<br>
{|
|-
|Calories ||100
|-
|Sodium: ||0&nbsp;mg/0%
|-
|Potassium: ||190&nbsp;mg/5%
|-
|Total carbohydrate: ||26&nbsp;mg/9%
|-
|Dietary Fiber: ||6g/24%
|-
|Sugars: ||16g
|-
|Protein: ||1g
|-
|Vitamin C: ||10%
|-
|Calcium: ||2%
|}

Pears are less [[allergenic]] than many other fruits, and pear juice is therefore sometimes used as the first juice introduced to infants.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.freediets.com/fruits-vegetables/the-wonder-of-pears |title = The wonder of pears |publisher = FreeDiets }}</ref> However, caution is recommended for all fruit juice consumption by infants, as studies have suggested a link between excessive fruit juice consumption and reduced nutrient intake, as well as a tendency towards obesity.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Patricia Queen Samour|author2=Kathy King Helm|author3=Carol E. Lang|title=Handbook of Pediatric Nutrition|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1j_Tn-iXbMwC&pg=PA89|accessdate=12 April 2011|year=1999|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=978-0-7637-3305-6|pages=89–}}</ref> Pears are low in [[salicylates]] and [[benzoic acid|benzoates]], so are recommended in exclusion diets for allergy sufferers.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sswahs.nsw.gov.au/rpa/allergy/research/excldiet.pdf|title=An Australian exclusion diet|year= 1978|pmid=661687|journal=The Medical Journal of Australia |volume=1|pages=290–292|last1=Gibson|first1=AR|last2=Clancy|first2=RL|issue=5}}</ref> Along with [[domestic sheep|lamb]] and [[rice]], pears may form part of the strictest exclusion diet for allergy sufferers.<ref>[http://www.allergy-clinic.co.uk/food_allergy_for_public.htm A. Morris 2008 ''A Guide to Suspected Food Allergy'', Surrey Allergy Clinic, U. K.]</ref>

Most of the fiber is insoluble, making pears a good laxative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/infant-constipation/AN01089 |title=Infant constipation: How is it treated? |publisher=MayoClinic.com |date=2011-05-21 |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref>

==Herbalism==
In ancient Greece, pears were used to treat nausea.

==Cultural references==
[[File:Bismillah.JPG|thumbnail|right|Calligraphy of the "Basmala" phrase bismi-llāhi ar-raħmāni ar-raħīmi بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم in the form of a pear]]
Pears grow in the sublime [[orchard]] of [[Alcinous]], in ''[[Odyssey]]'' vii: "Therein grow trees, tall and luxuriant, pears and [[pomegranate]]s and [[apple]]-trees with their bright fruit, and sweet [[ficus|fig]]s, and luxuriant [[olive]]s. Of these the fruit perishes not nor fails in [[winter]] or in summer, but lasts throughout the year."

==See also==
* [[List of culinary fruits]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{1911}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=pear|commons=Category:Pears|v=no|s=no|n=no|b=Horticulture/Pyrus|species=Pyrus}}
{{Cookbook|Pear}}
* [http://www.calpear.com/recipes/default.aspx California Pear Recipes] – Over one hundred pear recipes from California Pears.
* [http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/horticulture/pomes/euro-varieties European pear varieties] – description of Australian commercial pears
* [http://www.mythencyclopedia.com/Fi-Go/Fruit-in-Mythology.html Fruit in mythology] – Symbolism of pears
* [http://botany.metalibrary.net/books/bartrum/pearsandplums Handbook of Practical Gardening] – Gardening information on pears.
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pearinhistory.pdf "The Pear in History, Literature, Popular Culture, and Art"]
* [http://www.pearpanache.com Pear Panache] – a collection of pear recipes for chefs and by chefs
* [http://www.usapears.org/Recipes%20And%20Lifestyle/Now%20Serving/Recipes.aspx Pear Recipes] – collection of pear recipes from Pear Bureau Northwest
* [http://www.calpear.com/our-fruit/varieties-availability.aspx Pear Varieties] – Information about pear varieties grown in California.
* [http://www.uga.edu/fruit/pear.html University of Georgia Pear Page] – History of cultivation and commerce.
* [http://www.usapears.com/en/Recipes%20And%20Lifestyle/Now%20Serving/Pears%20and%20Varieties.aspx USA Pears] – descriptions of pear varieties from a U.S. advocacy group.
* [http://www.cirrusimage.com/tree_wild_pear.htm Wild Pear, ''Pyrus pyraster''] – Diagnostic photos, [[Morton Arboretum]] specimens
{{Pyrus}}

[[Category:Pears| ]]
[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Pyrus| ]]
[[Category:Maleae]]
[[Category:Crops originating from China]]

[[ang:Peru (ofet)]]
[[ar:أجاص (جنس)]]
[[arc:ܟܡܬܪܐ]]
[[av:Гени]]
[[az:Armud]]
[[zh-min-nan:Lâi-á]]
[[be:Груша]]
[[bg:Круша]]
[[bn:নাশপাতি]]
[[bs:Kruška]]
[[ca:Pera (fruita)]]
[[cs:Hruška]]
[[cy:Gellygen]]
[[da:Pære]]
[[de:Birnen]]
[[dv:ނާޝްޕަތީ]]
[[nv:Bilasáana bitseeʼ nineezígíí]]
[[dsb:Kšušcyna]]
[[el:Αχλάδι]]
[[eml:Pìr]]
[[es:Pera]]
[[eo:Piro]]
[[eu:Madari]]
[[fa:گلابی]]
[[fr:Poire]]
[[fur:Piruçâr]]
[[ga:Piorra]]
[[gv:Peear]]
[[gl:Pera]]
[[ko:배나무속]]
[[hi:नाशपाती]]
[[hy:Տանձ]]
[[hsb:Krušwa]]
[[hr:Kruške]]
[[io:Piro]]
[[ig:Ube]]
[[id:Pir]]
[[os:Кæрдо]]
[[it:Pera]]
[[he:אגס]]
[[ka:მსხალი]]
[[ks:ٹَنگ]]
[[ky:Алмурут]]
[[mrj:Грушаву]]
[[la:Pyrus]]
[[lv:Bumbieres]]
[[lb:Bir]]
[[lt:Kriaušė]]
[[hu:Körte]]
[[mk:Круша]]
[[mi:Pea (huarākau)]]
[[ms:Pear]]
[[mdf:Груша]]
[[nah:Pera]]
[[nl:Peer (vrucht)]]
[[ja:ナシ属]]
[[no:Pære]]
[[nn:Pære]]
[[nrm:Peire]]
[[oc:Pera]]
[[pl:Grusza]]
[[pt:Pera]]
[[kaa:Almurt]]
[[qu:Pira]]
[[ru:Груша]]
[[sco:Peir]]
[[sq:Dardha]]
[[simple:Pear]]
[[sl:Hruška (rod)]]
[[ckb:ھەرمێ]]
[[sr:Крушка]]
[[fi:Päärynät]]
[[sv:Päronsläktet]]
[[tl:Peras]]
[[ta:பேரி]]
[[tr:Armut]]
[[uk:Груша]]
[[ur:ناشپاتی]]
[[vec:Perar]]
[[vi:Lê (chi thực vật)]]
[[wa:Poerî]]
[[zh-yue:梨]]
[[bat-smg:Grūšė]]
[[zh:梨]]

Revision as of 19:47, 9 November 2012

"Pyrus" redirects here. For other uses, see Pyrus (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Pear (disambiguation).

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