Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people: Difference between revisions
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The '''Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people''', was the principle claimed by [[Junta (Peninsular War)|Juntas in Spain]] to recover the [[sovereignty]] and self government based in [[Siete Partidas|Seven-Part Code]], for restoration the laws of Castilian succession.<ref>[http://books.google.es/books?ei=GHPeUMXXLdCFhQfN94DQBA&hl=es&id=GnGIAAAAMAAJ&dq=El+c%C3%B3digo+medieval+de+las+Siete+Partidas+reconoc%C3%ADa+expresamente+el+derecho+de+los+nobles%2C+prelados%2C+hombres+de+fortuna+y+otras+personas+%C2%ABbuenas+y+honradas%C2%BB+del+reino+a+constituirse+en+juntas+cuando%2C+en+ausencia+del+rey&q=%22Siete+Partidas%22#search_anchor Ciudadanía y representación en el Perú (1808-1860).Gabriella Chiaramonti.2005]El código medieval de las Siete Partidas reconocía expresamente el derecho de los nobles, prelados, hombres de fortuna y otras personas «buenas y honradas» del reino a constituirse en juntas cuando, en ausencia del rey</ref> Retroversion was the principle underlying the [[Junta (Spanish American Independence)|Juntas in Spanish America]] which challenged the legitimacy of the colonial authorities named in Spain,<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/especiales/mayo1810/conferencia.htm Nuevas perspectivas en la Historia de la Revolución de Mayo] {{es}}</ref> |
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The '''Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people''', which challenged the legitimacy of the [[Spanish Empire|colonial authorities]],<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/diario/especiales/mayo1810/conferencia.htm Nuevas perspectivas en la Historia de la Revolución de Mayo] {{es}}</ref> was the principle underlying the [[Spanish American wars of independence|Spanish American Independence]] processes. |
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| ⚫ | In 1808, the Spanish King [[Ferdinand VII]] had been imprisoned by the [[First French Empire|Napoleonic Empire]] and subsequently [[Abdications of Bayonne|replaced]] by [[Joseph Bonaparte]]. In Spain, resistant [[Junta (Peninsular War)|governing juntas]] were formed, claiming [[sovereignty]] in the absence of the legitimate King. The principle of retroversion of sovereignty provided that, in such a case, sovereignty immediately returns to the peoples, who have a right to appoint new authorities. Following the 1810 disbanding of the central governing [[Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom]], Spanish American peoples assumed, in turn, their |
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Thus, in both [[Spain]] and [[Hispanic America|Spanish America]], this principle was a precedecessor to the concept of [[popular sovereignty]], currently expressed in most [[constitution]]al systems throughout the world, whereby the people delegate governmental functions in their leaders while retaining the actual sovereignty. |
Thus, in both [[Spain]] and [[Hispanic America|Spanish America]], this principle was a precedecessor to the concept of [[popular sovereignty]], currently expressed in most [[constitution]]al systems throughout the world, whereby the people delegate governmental functions in their leaders while retaining the actual sovereignty. |
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== Historical development == |
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==Description== |
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[[File:Cabildo abierto.jpg|thumb|The open cabildo will become in [[Junta (Spanish American Independence)|Juntas in Spanish America]].]] |
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| ⚫ | The principle of retroversion of sovereignty was premised on the basis that the Spanish territories in America were |
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| ⚫ | In 1808, the Spanish King [[Ferdinand VII]] had been imprisoned by the [[First French Empire|Napoleonic Empire]] and subsequently [[Abdications of Bayonne|replaced]] by [[Joseph Bonaparte]]. In Spain, resistant [[Junta (Peninsular War)|governing juntas]] were formed, claiming [[sovereignty]] in the absence of the legitimate King. The principle of retroversion of sovereignty provided that, in such a case, sovereignty immediately returns to the peoples, who have a right to appoint new authorities. Following the 1810 disbanding of the central governing [[Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom]], Spanish American peoples assumed, in turn, their sovereignty and freedom to appoint their local authorities and goverment. |
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| ⚫ | The principle of retroversion of sovereignty was premised on the basis that the Spanish territories in America were under sovereign of the king of Spain as heir of Kingdom of Castile and León, and not under [[National sovereignty]] of the [[people of Spain]] or other kingdoms of Spain. Only the king of Castile and León could rule over them, either directly as King or through [[viceroy]]s appointed by himself. Scholars of the [[Laws of the Indies]] had argued that they were two different realms, united under [[sovereign]] of the same Kingdom of Castile and León, but not under sovereign of the rest of Kingdoms of Spain. It came from the legal tradition of [[Francisco Suárez]]. This principle already existed, and justified the fact that Spanish America had particular laws, but ever under laws of Castile. Spain and Americas are not united under [[National sovereignty]] of spaniards. The sovereignty revert to the main cities (Cabildo abierto) <ref name="Luna">Luna, Félix (March 2001). «La fórmula de la Revolución», Grandes protagonistas de la historia argentina: Juan José Castelli (in spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Planeta, pp. 51. ISBN 950-49-0656-7.</ref> |
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With the imprisonment of Ferdinand VII |
With the [[Abdications of Bayonne]] and imprisonment of Ferdinand VII by Napoleon during the [[Peninsular war]] and the absence of a legitimate successor, the criterion was used to justify [[Self-governance|self-government]] in Spain. But the Junta of Seville had no authority to send or appoint viceroys in America, and Americans had instead the same rights as Spaniards to govern themselves as the rightful king was absent.<ref name="Luna"/> The principle was employed by many independentist movements in South America of that time, such as the [[Chuquisaca Revolution]] or the [[May Revolution]]. |
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The Creoles claimed that their political connection was with the [[Crown of Castile]] and not with the nation of [[Spain]], and with the throne vacant, the people of Americas recover their sovereignty. The new sovereign entities that are considered heirs to the sovereignty of the crown of Castile rejected decisions made without their consent. <ref>[http://books.google.es/books?id=XEA2-Fe4utgC&lpg=PA113&dq=Las%20nuevas%20entidades%20soberanas%20que%20se%20consideraban%20herederas%20de%20la%20soberan%C3%ADa%20de%20la%20corona%20castellana&hl=es&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q=Las%20nuevas%20entidades%20soberanas%20que%20se%20consideraban%20herederas%20de%20la%20soberan%C3%ADa%20de%20la%20corona%20castellana&f=false Fundamentos intelectuales y políticos de las independencias. José Carlos Chiaramonte 2010] En el caso hispanoamericano, ante la pretensión de lograr el reconocimineto de la metrópolis como autoridad sustituta del monarca, los criollos alegaban que su vínculo político era con la monarquía castellana y no con la nación española, y que, vacante el trono reasumían la soberanía.[...] Las nuevas entidades soberanas que se consideraban herederas de la soberanía de la corona castellana [...] los considerados organismos soberanos representativos de las ciudades y luego provincias o Estados iberoamericanos rechazaron decisiones tomadas sin su consentimiento.</ref> |
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The principle was employed by many independentist movements in South America of that time, such as the [[Chuquisaca Revolution]] or the [[May Revolution]]. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Open cabildo]] |
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* [[School of Salamanca]] |
* [[School of Salamanca]] |
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* [[Francisco Suárez]] |
* [[Francisco Suárez]] |
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Revision as of 00:34, 3 January 2013
The Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people, was the principle claimed by Juntas in Spain to recover the sovereignty and self government based in Seven-Part Code, for restoration the laws of Castilian succession.[1] Retroversion was the principle underlying the Juntas in Spanish America which challenged the legitimacy of the colonial authorities named in Spain,[2]
Thus, in both Spain and Spanish America, this principle was a precedecessor to the concept of popular sovereignty, currently expressed in most constitutional systems throughout the world, whereby the people delegate governmental functions in their leaders while retaining the actual sovereignty.
Historical development
In 1808, the Spanish King Ferdinand VII had been imprisoned by the Napoleonic Empire and subsequently replaced by Joseph Bonaparte. In Spain, resistant governing juntas were formed, claiming sovereignty in the absence of the legitimate King. The principle of retroversion of sovereignty provided that, in such a case, sovereignty immediately returns to the peoples, who have a right to appoint new authorities. Following the 1810 disbanding of the central governing Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom, Spanish American peoples assumed, in turn, their sovereignty and freedom to appoint their local authorities and goverment.
The principle of retroversion of sovereignty was premised on the basis that the Spanish territories in America were under sovereign of the king of Spain as heir of Kingdom of Castile and León, and not under National sovereignty of the people of Spain or other kingdoms of Spain. Only the king of Castile and León could rule over them, either directly as King or through viceroys appointed by himself. Scholars of the Laws of the Indies had argued that they were two different realms, united under sovereign of the same Kingdom of Castile and León, but not under sovereign of the rest of Kingdoms of Spain. It came from the legal tradition of Francisco Suárez. This principle already existed, and justified the fact that Spanish America had particular laws, but ever under laws of Castile. Spain and Americas are not united under National sovereignty of spaniards. The sovereignty revert to the main cities (Cabildo abierto) [3]
With the Abdications of Bayonne and imprisonment of Ferdinand VII by Napoleon during the Peninsular war and the absence of a legitimate successor, the criterion was used to justify self-government in Spain. But the Junta of Seville had no authority to send or appoint viceroys in America, and Americans had instead the same rights as Spaniards to govern themselves as the rightful king was absent.[3] The principle was employed by many independentist movements in South America of that time, such as the Chuquisaca Revolution or the May Revolution.
The Creoles claimed that their political connection was with the Crown of Castile and not with the nation of Spain, and with the throne vacant, the people of Americas recover their sovereignty. The new sovereign entities that are considered heirs to the sovereignty of the crown of Castile rejected decisions made without their consent. [4]
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Ciudadanía y representación en el Perú (1808-1860).Gabriella Chiaramonti.2005El código medieval de las Siete Partidas reconocía expresamente el derecho de los nobles, prelados, hombres de fortuna y otras personas «buenas y honradas» del reino a constituirse en juntas cuando, en ausencia del rey
- ^ Nuevas perspectivas en la Historia de la Revolución de Mayo Template:Es
- ^ a b Luna, Félix (March 2001). «La fórmula de la Revolución», Grandes protagonistas de la historia argentina: Juan José Castelli (in spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Planeta, pp. 51. ISBN 950-49-0656-7.
- ^ Fundamentos intelectuales y políticos de las independencias. José Carlos Chiaramonte 2010 En el caso hispanoamericano, ante la pretensión de lograr el reconocimineto de la metrópolis como autoridad sustituta del monarca, los criollos alegaban que su vínculo político era con la monarquía castellana y no con la nación española, y que, vacante el trono reasumían la soberanía.[...] Las nuevas entidades soberanas que se consideraban herederas de la soberanía de la corona castellana [...] los considerados organismos soberanos representativos de las ciudades y luego provincias o Estados iberoamericanos rechazaron decisiones tomadas sin su consentimiento.
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