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Electrical and computer engineering professor [[Robert J. Marks II]] has an Erdős-Bacon number of five. He appeared in the movie [[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]] with [[Ben Stein]]<ref name="MarksIMDb" />. Stein was in the movie [[Planes, Trains and Automobiles]] with Kevin Bacon giving Marks a Bacon number of two. Marks has published with Donald C. Wunsch<ref name="Wunsch" /> who has published with [[Frank Harary]]<ref name="Harary" /> who has written two papers with Erdős.<ref name="Erd" />
Electrical and computer engineering professor [[Robert J. Marks II]] has an Erdős-Bacon number of five. He appeared in the movie [[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]] with [[Ben Stein]].<ref name="MarksIMDb">[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2990293/]IMDb listing for Robert J. Marks II.</ref> Stein was in the movie [[Planes, Trains and Automobiles]] with Kevin Bacon giving Marks a Bacon number of 2. His Erdös number is 3. Marks has published with Donald C. Wunsch <ref name="Wunsch"> D.C. Wunsch II, R.J. Marks II, T.P. Caudell and C.D. Capps, “Limitations of a class of binary phase-only filters,” Applied Optics, vol. 31, no.26. pp.5681-5687 (1992), and D.C. Wunsch II, T.P. Caudell, C.D. Capps, R.J. Marks II and R. A. Falk, ”An optoelectronic implementation of the adaptive resonance neural network,” IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol.4, no.4, pp.673-684 (1993)</ref> who has published with prolific American mathematician [[Frank Harary]]<ref name="Harary"> Frank Harary, Meng-Hiot Lim, Amit Agarwal, Donald C. Wunsch, “Algorithms for derivation of structurally stable Hamiltonian signed graphs,” Int. J. Comput. Math. 81(11): 1349-1356 (2004)</ref> who has written two papers with Erdős.<ref name="ERDDD"> ◦ Paul Erdös, Frank Harary and W.T. Tutte, “On the dimension of a graph,” Mathematika 12 (1965) pp.118-122, and Paul Erdös, Frank Harary and M. Klawe, “Residually-Complete- Graphs,” Annals of Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 6, pp 117- 123 (1980).</ref> Intelligent design advocate [[William A. Dembski]] also appeared in [[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]]<ref name="DembskiIMDb">[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1745037/]William Dembski's IMDb page</ref> and has published with Marks.<ref name="DembskiMarks"> William A. Dembski and Robert J. Marks II," Conservation of Information in Search: Measuring the Cost of Success," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics A, Systems and Humans, vol.39, #5, September 2009, pp.1051-1061 </ref> Dembski's Erdős-Bacon number is therefore 6.


==Actors==
==Actors==

Former [[NCAA Women's Gymnastics championship|NCAA gymnastics champion]] [[Kiralee Hayashi]]<ref name="Kira">{{cite web|url=http://www.kiraleeh.com/|title=Kiralee Hayashi's website}}</ref> may be the professional actress with the lowest Erdős number (3), having co-written a peer-reviewed mathematics paper on [[Riemannian manifold]]s with Fields medalist [[Shing-Tung Yau]],<ref name="Yau">{{cite web|url=http://www.loni.ucla.edu/~thompson/ERDOS/erdo.htm|title=Paul Thompson's Erdos Number Page}}</ref> and having a Bacon number of 2,<ref name="OracB">[http://oracleofbacon.org/cgi-bin/oracle/movielinks?firstname=Kevin+Bacon&game=1&secondname=Kiralee+Hayashi Kiralee Hayashi at the Oracle of Bacon]</ref> giving her an Erdős–Bacon number of 5.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.loni.ucla.edu/~thompson/ERDOS/erdo.htm |title=Erdos Number Page |publisher=loni.ucla.edu |date= |accessdate=December 29, 2011}}</ref>
Former [[NCAA Women's Gymnastics championship|NCAA gymnastics champion]] [[Kiralee Hayashi]]<ref name="Kira">{{cite web|url=http://www.kiraleeh.com/|title=Kiralee Hayashi's website}}</ref> may be the professional actress with the lowest Erdős number (3), having co-written a peer-reviewed mathematics paper on [[Riemannian manifold]]s with Fields medalist [[Shing-Tung Yau]],<ref name="Yau">{{cite web|url=http://www.loni.ucla.edu/~thompson/ERDOS/erdo.htm|title=Paul Thompson's Erdos Number Page}}</ref> and having a Bacon number of 2,<ref name="OracB">[http://oracleofbacon.org/cgi-bin/oracle/movielinks?firstname=Kevin+Bacon&game=1&secondname=Kiralee+Hayashi Kiralee Hayashi at the Oracle of Bacon]</ref> giving her an Erdős–Bacon number of 5.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.loni.ucla.edu/~thompson/ERDOS/erdo.htm |title=Erdos Number Page |publisher=loni.ucla.edu |date= |accessdate=December 29, 2011}}</ref>


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| 2<sup>(b)(e)</sup><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oracleofbacon.org/cgi-bin/movielinks?a=Kevin+Bacon&b=David+Dalrymple&use_using=1&u0=on&use_genres=1&g8=on&g17=on&g21=on&g25=on&g7=on |title=David Dalrymple's Kevin Bacon number |publisher=The Oracle of Bacon |date= |accessdate=2012-07-24}}</ref>
| 2<sup>(b)(e)</sup><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oracleofbacon.org/cgi-bin/movielinks?a=Kevin+Bacon&b=David+Dalrymple&use_using=1&u0=on&use_genres=1&g8=on&g17=on&g21=on&g25=on&g7=on |title=David Dalrymple's Kevin Bacon number |publisher=The Oracle of Bacon |date= |accessdate=2012-07-24}}</ref>
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| style="background: #efefef; font-weight: normal;" | {{sortname|William A.|Dembski|William A. Dembski}}
| 4 <ref name="DembskiMarks"/><ref name="Wunsch"/><ref name="Harary"/><ref name="ERDDD"/>
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| style="background: #efefef; font-weight: normal;" | {{sortname|Robert J.|Marks II}}
| style="background: #efefef; font-weight: normal;" | {{sortname|Robert J.|Marks II}}
| 3<ref name="Wunsch"/><ref name="Harary"/><ref name="ERDDD"/>
| 3<ref name="Wunsch"/><ref name="Wunsch">D.C. Wunsch II, R.J. Marks II, T.P. Caudell and C.D. Capps, “Limitations of a class of binary phase-only filters,” Applied Optics, vol. 31, no.26. pp.5681-5687 (1992), and D.C. Wunsch II, T.P. Caudell, C.D. Capps, R.J. Marks II and R. A. Falk, ”An optoelectronic implementation of the adaptive resonance neural network,” IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, vol.4, no.4, pp.673-684 (1993). </ref><ref name="Haraway">Frank Harary, Meng-Hiot Lim, Amit Agarwal, Donald C. Wunsch, “Algorithms for derivation of structurally stable Hamiltonian signed graphs,” Int. J. Comput. Math. 81(11): 1349-1356 (2004)</ref><ref name="Erd">Paul Erdös, Frank Harary and W.T. Tutte, “On the dimension of a graph,” Mathematika 12 (1965) pp.118-122, and Paul Erdös, Frank Harary and M. Klawe, “Residually-Complete- Graphs,” Annals of Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 6, pp 117- 123 (1980). </ref>
| 2<sup>(b)</sup><sup>(i)</sup><ref name="MarksIMDb">[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2990293/ IMDb page for Robert J. Marks II]</ref>
| 2<sup>(b)</sup><sup>(i)</sup><ref name="MarksIMDb"/>
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Revision as of 06:21, 10 April 2013

A person's Erdős–Bacon number is the sum of one's Erdős number—which measures the "collaborative distance" in authoring mathematical papers between that person and Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős—and one's Bacon number—which represents the number of links, through roles in films, by which the individual is separated from American actor Kevin Bacon. The lower the number, the closer a person is to Erdős and Bacon, and this reflects a small world phenomenon in academia and entertainment.

The idea of Erdős–Bacon numbers has been written about by Simon Singh in the British media[1][2] and Benjamin Rosenbaum,[3] among others,[4] in the blogosphere. Roles as self, as a cameo appearance, or as an extra are often included for the Bacon component. The Erdős criterion technically refers to collaboration on mathematical papers, but it is often relaxed to include general research articles for the Erdős–Bacon number.[5]

In general, to have a defined Erdős–Bacon number, it is necessary (but not sufficient) for one to have both appeared in a film and co-authored an academic paper.

Notable scientists with defined Erdős–Bacon numbers include popular astronomer Carl Sagan. One of the best-known actors with a number is Natalie Portman, whose authorship of a psychology paper while at Harvard University earned her an Erdős–Bacon number of 6 (see table below).

Scientists

It is sometimes reported that Erdős himself has an Erdős–Bacon number of three. His Erdős number is zero by definition. His Bacon number is erroneously thought to be three since he appears in N Is a Number: A Portrait of Paul Erdős (1993) with a Gene Patterson, and a Gene Patterson was in Box of Moon Light (1996) with Sam Rockwell who was in Frost/Nixon (2008) with Kevin Bacon. However, this is incorrect, as the Gene Patterson in N Is a Number: A Portrait of Paul Erdős is not the same person as the one in Box of Moon Light (1996).

Astronomer Carl Sagan has an Erdős number of no more than 4[6] via Steven J. Ostro and a Bacon number of 2,[7] for a total of 6. Physicist Richard Feynman has an Erdős number of 3[8] and a Bacon number of 3, having appeared in the film Anti-Clock alongside Tony Tang.[9]

Electrical and computer engineering professor Robert J. Marks II has an Erdős-Bacon number of five. He appeared in the movie Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed with Ben Stein.[10] Stein was in the movie Planes, Trains and Automobiles with Kevin Bacon giving Marks a Bacon number of 2. His Erdös number is 3. Marks has published with Donald C. Wunsch [11] who has published with prolific American mathematician Frank Harary[12] who has written two papers with Erdős.[13] Intelligent design advocate William A. Dembski also appeared in Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed[14] and has published with Marks.[15] Dembski's Erdős-Bacon number is therefore 6.

Actors

Former NCAA gymnastics champion Kiralee Hayashi[16] may be the professional actress with the lowest Erdős number (3), having co-written a peer-reviewed mathematics paper on Riemannian manifolds with Fields medalist Shing-Tung Yau,[17] and having a Bacon number of 2,[18] giving her an Erdős–Bacon number of 5.[19]

Danica McKellar, most famous for her role as Winnie Cooper in The Wonder Years, has an Erdős–Bacon number of 6, having coauthored a mathematics paper published while an undergraduate at UCLA. Her paper gives her an Erdős number of 4, and a Bacon number of 2, both of them having worked with Margaret Easley.[20]

US actress Natalie Portman has an Erdős–Bacon number of 6. She collaborated (using her birth name, Natalie Hershlag) with Abigail A. Baird,[21] who has a collaboration path[22][23][24] leading to Joseph Gillis, who has an Erdős number of 1.[25] Bacon and Portman both appear in New York, I Love You,[citation needed] giving Portman a Bacon number of 1 and an Erdős number of 5.

British actor Colin Firth has an Erdős–Bacon number of 7. Firth is formally credited as co-author of a neuroscience paper, "Political Orientations Are Correlated with Brain Structure in Young Adults",[26] after he suggested on BBC Radio 4 that such a study could be done.[27] Another author of that paper, Geraint Rees, has an Erdős number of 5,[28][29][30] which gives Firth an Erdős number of 6. Firth appeared with Kevin Bacon in Where the Truth Lies, so his Bacon number is 1.

The movie What the Bleep Do We Know!?, which featured both persons published in the sciences and an actress with Bacon number 2 (Academy Award winner Marlee Matlin), gave Erdős–Bacon numbers to David Albert (Erdős 4,[31][32][33][34] Erdős–Bacon 7), and Natural Law Party Presidential Candidate John Hagelin (Erdős 5 through frequent collaborator Dimitri Nanopoulos, Erdős–Bacon 8), all appearing as themselves.

Others

Hank Aaron, a baseball player, is sometimes also considered to have an Erdős–Bacon number of 3, as he and Erdős both autographed the same baseball (for which he is jokingly referred to as having Erdős number of 1),[35] and he also appeared in Summer Catch with Susan Gardner, who was in In The Cut with Bacon.

Table

For people listed in the Internet Movie Database who are connected to Kevin Bacon, the average Bacon number is 2.957.[36] For mathematicians listed in the American Mathematical Society's MR Collaboration Distance search engine[37] who are connected to Erdős, the average Erdős number is 4.65.[38] There currently exists no exhaustive list of people with defined Erdős–Bacon numbers, but a select group is listed below.

Name Erdős number Bacon number Erdős–Bacon number
David Albert 4[31][32][33][34] 3(b)(i) 7(b)
Patrick Billingsley 4[39][40][41][42] 2[43] 6
David Dalrymple 3[44][45][46] 2(b)(e)[47] 5(b)(e)
William A. Dembski 4 [15][11][12][13] 2(b)(i)[14] 6
Henry Houh 5[48][49][50][51][52] 2[53][54] 7
Robert Knight 4[55][56][57][58] 2(e)[59][60] 6(e)
Robert J. Marks II 3[11][12][13] 2(b)(i)[10] 5
Danica McKellar 4[31][61][62][63] 2 6
Natalie Portman (Hershlag) 5[21][22][23][24][25] 1(i) 6
Carl Sagan 4[8] 2(b)[7] 6
Tomer Stern 4[64][65][66][67] 3[68][69][70] 7
Wendelin Werner 3[71][72][73] 3[74] 6
Steven Strogatz 3[75][76][77] 1(b)(e)[78] 4(b)(e)

Notes:

(b) Includes role as self
(c) Includes technical report posthumously published in a book (otherwise Erdős number 3, Erdős–Bacon number 5)
(d) Includes role as extra
(e) Includes documentary credit
(g) Includes nonacademic paper
(h) Includes archival footage
(i) See discussion above.

References

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  2. ^ Simon Singh (2002). "And the Winner Tonight Is". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Benjamin Rosenbaum (2004). "Bacon-Erdős numbers". Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Cory Doctorow (2004). "Erdős-Bacon numbers". Boing Boing. Retrieved 2006-12-01. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "There's not much separating her from Bacon, Erdos", USA Today, August 14, 2007: "As a UCLA undergraduate, McKellar co-wrote a theorem proving a magnetic field property [...] So McKellar's "Erdos-Bacon" number is 6. Some academics who have had film cameos have lower Erdos-Bacon numbers [...]"
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  77. ^ Salamon, Peter; Erdős, Paul The solution to a problem of Grünbaum. Canad. Math. Bull. 31 (1988), no. 2, 129–138.
  78. ^ Connected: The Power of Six Degrees
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