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=Opduwer= |
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=De Zwaan, Lienden= |
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An '''opduwer''' or '''opdrukker''' is a small [[towboat]] that was used in the [[Low Countries]] in the first half of the twentieth century to push inland [[Dutch barge|sailing barges]]. They circumvented the need to tow the ship from shore by a horse or the skipper and his family at times when sailing was impossible from lack of wind or maneuvering room in tight canals. |
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{{infobox windmill |
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| name = De Zwaan |
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| image = [[File:Molen De Zwaan Lienden inrijkant.jpg|250px]] |
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| caption = De Zwaan, 2007 |
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| name_of_mill = De Zwaan |
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| location_of_mill = Molenstraat 5-7 4033 AS Lienden<br>{{coord|51.949257|N|5.516047|E}} |
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| operator = family Van Harn |
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| built = 1644 |
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|purpose = [[grist mill|Corn mill]] |
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|type = [[Tower mill]] |
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|storeys = Four storeys |
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|sail_number = Four sails |
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|sail_type = [[windmill sail|Common sails]] |
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|windshaft = [[cast iron]] |
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|winding = Internal winding with two winches |
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|pairs_of_millstones= Two pairs |
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|stone_size = {{convert|140|cm|ft}} and {{convert|150|cm|ft}} diameter |
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|other = Transitional shape from medieval cylindrical to post-medieval conical tower mills |
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}} |
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'''De Zwaan''' {{lang|en|''The Swan''}} is a [[tower mill]] in [[Lienden]], the [[Netherlands]], which is in working order. The mill was built in 1644 and is listed as a [[Rijksmonument]], number 25834.<ref name="MDB_zwaan">{{cite web | url=http://www.molendatabase.nl/nederland/molen.php?nummer=239 | title=Nederlandse Molendatabase: De Zwaan, Lienden | publisher=Molendatabase | work=Database van werkende molens in Nederland | accessdate=October 29, 2012 | language=Dutch}}</ref> |
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=History= |
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Sailing barges were the most important way of transporting bulk cargo in the low lying regions of the Netherlands. Sailing was the preferred method of propulsion but lack of wind or maneuvering room in canals meant that towing by a horse or the skipper and his family was also a common occurrence. This was hard labour and the going was slow. The ''opduwer'' was invented around 1910 when the [[internal combustion engine]] started to get adapted for shipping usage. However fitting an engine and [[propeller]] to the existing sailing barges was found cumbersome as the shape of the stern was designed for sailing and far from ideal for fitting a propeller while the engine room took up valuable cargo space. Also some local governments taxed motor boats higher than sailing boats as the former were thought to damage the canal shores. In stead the engine was built into a rowing boat or a specially built boat that was lashed to the stern of the barge. The opduwer was owned by the barge skipper and therefore opduwer and barge commonly stayed together. The combination was steered by the barges rudder, throttle and reversing gear were operated by strings or a boat hook from the barge or the opduwer was only manned during special maneuvers. The design of the opduwer evolved to a kind of miniature [[tugboat]] and built by shipyards, often from leftover bits of steel from larger ships. By the 1940's opduwer usage declined as engines were fitted to the barges themselves and the |
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''De Zwaan'' was built in 1644 to replace an older [[post mill]] which had fallen down a year earlier. Both the older post mill and the new tower mill belonged to the [[heerlijkheid]] Lienden which was in the possession of the lords, and later counts, of [[Culemborg]]. Through nobility and private owners the mill came in to the possession of the Van Harn family in 1879. The mill was restored in 1940, 1970, 1976 after a storm had caused heavy damage and in 1990. The windmill must have had a tailpole for winding as parts for the tail were delivered during construction. There is also a wear line on the brickwork where a roller once supported the tail construction. The current internal winding winches resemble those fitted in windmills in [[Noord-Holland]] and not those in the older tower mills of [[Grafelijke Korenmolen, Zeddam|Zeddam]] and [[De Buitenmolen, Zevenaar|Zevenaar]]. <ref name="MDB_zwaan" /> |
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relatively small barges themselves became commercially unviable as more cargo was transported over land. A large number survive as pleasure craft. |
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The Van Harns still own the windmill but it is operated by a volunteer miller. <ref name="vanharn">{{cite web | url=http://www.vanharnlienden.nl | title=Van Harn's Speciaalzaak "De Zwaan" in Lienden | accessdate=November 05, 2012 | author=A.J.van Harn | language=Dutch}}</ref> |
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=Design= |
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==Description== |
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Opduwers are generally divided by hull shape, with either a strait bow (steilsteven) or rounded bow (vlet), the former more resembling a small tugboat while the latter was better able to handle rough seas, for example while crossing the [[zuiderzee]]. Some opduwers are completely open while others have an engine room to protect the engine from the weather. Sizes range from about 4 to 6 meter, larger examples are commonly catagorized as tugboats. The engine type was diverse, firstly a recycled car engine from a T-ford was popular. Later stationary engines from [[Lister]] and [[Deutz]] were common as well as small proper marine engines. The amount of horsepower of these engines was modest by todays standards, going from 6 hp upwards. |
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{{For|an explanation of the various items of machinery|Mill machinery}} |
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De Zwaan is a four storey brick [[tower mill]] built on a small natural hill. The shape of the tower is regarded as a transition between the earlier thick walled cylindrical tower mills and the later thinner walled more conical shaped tower mills. The mill is winded internally by winches in the [[roofing felt]] covered cap which rests on a live curb with cast iron rollers. The four Common Sails have a span of {{convert|26.8|m|ftin}} and are carried in a cast-iron windshaft cast by De Prins van Oranje in 1869. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which drives the wallower at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel drives the two pairs of mill stones of {{convert|1.40|m|ftin}} and {{convert|1.50|m|ftin}} diameter via a lantern pinion stone nuts. <ref name="DHM_zwaan">{{cite web | url=http://www.molens.nl/site/dbase/molen.php?mid=483 | title=Vereniging De Hollandsche Molen: De Zwaan te Lienden | publisher=De Hollandsche Molen | work=Molenbestand | accessdate=October 29, 2012 | language=Dutch}}</ref> |
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==Public access== |
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The mill is open to the public on Saturdays from 10:00 to 16:00 hours and on appointment at the pet shop at the mill.<ref name="MDB_zwaan" /> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|De Zwaan, Lienden}} |
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*[http://www.vanharnlienden.nl Van Harn's Speciaalzaak "De Zwaan" in Lienden] (in Dutch) |
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=Torenmolen van Gronsveld, Maastricht= |
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{{infobox windmill |
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| name = Torenmolen van Gronsveld |
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| image = [[File:Torenmolengronsveld.jpg|250px]] |
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| caption = The towermill of Gronsveld, 2006 |
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| name_of_mill = Torenmolen van Gronsveld |
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| location_of_mill = Rijksweg 90 6228 XZ Maastricht<br>{{coord|50.824432|N|5.729508|E}} |
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| operator = Molenstichting Limburg |
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| built = 1623 |
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|purpose = [[grist mill|Corn mill]] |
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|type = [[Tower mill]] |
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|storeys = Five storeys |
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|sail_number = Four sails |
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|sail_type = [[windmill sail#common sails|Common sails]] with [[windmill sail#Dutch sail types|Van Bussel leading edges]] |
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|windshaft = [[cast iron]] |
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|winding = Tailpole and winch |
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|pairs_of_millstones= One pair |
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|stone_size = {{convert|140|cm|ft}} diameter |
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|other = Uses a mound in stead of stage to set the sails. Built in two stages. |
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}} |
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The '''Torenmolen van Gronsveld''' is a [[tower mill]] near [[Gronsveld]] in the municipally [[Maastricht]], the [[Netherlands]], which is in working order. The mill was built in 1623 and is listed as a [[Rijksmonument]], number 28086. It is the most southerly windmill in the Netherlands and the oldest of the province [[Limburg]].<ref name="MDB_gronsveld">{{cite web | url=http://www.molendatabase.nl/nederland/molen.php?nummer=416 | title=Nederlandse molendatabase: Torenmolen van Gronsveld, Maastricht-Gronsveld | publisher=Nederlandse molendatabase | work=Database van werkende molens in Nederland | accessdate=October 29, 2012 | language=Dutch}}</ref> |
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<ref name="DHM_Gronsveld">{{cite web | url=http://www.molens.nl/site/dbase/molen.php?mid=897 | title=Vereniging De Hollandsche Molen. Torenmolen Gronsveld te Maastricht/Gronsveld | publisher=Vereniging De Hollandsche Molen | work=Molenbestand | accessdate=October 29, 2012 | language=Dutch}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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Construction of the towermill of Gronsveld was started in 1618 by order of Joest Maximilian van Bronckhorst, count of Gronsfelt and was finished 1623. The cylindrical shaped mill was raised in 1766 with a tapering part which has given it its distinctive shape. The mound around the mill was raised at the same time.<ref name="DHM_Gronsveld" /> The windmill remained property of the Van Bronckhorst family and later, by marriage, the Törring family until it was confiscated in the [[History_of_the_Netherlands#The French-Batavian period (1785-1815)|French-Batavian period]] and publicly sold in 1805. Buyer was notary Van Gulpen who sold the mill on to miller Jacobus Jacobs who expanded the milling business with a farm. After his death Catharina Jacobs became owner. In the 1860's she managed to have the newly planted trees along the nearby state road replaced by [[Acacias]] as she feared the trees, once grown tall, would block the wind from the mill. The incident got national attention at the time and the typical roadside planting remains today. After Catharinas death the mill became property of her daughter Alphonsine Bemelmans in 1889. Alphonsine sold the mill and farm in 1919 to woodtrader Dahmen who resold it to baker Henri Jacobs. In 1924 Joseph Michael Thomma became leaseholder. By that time the farm was generating most of the income and Thomma bought himself a small electric powered mill so the windmill fell into disrepair.<ref name="MDB_gronsveld" /> The first initiatives to restore the mill were taken in 1941 by ''Stichting Het Limburgs Landschap'' ({{lang|en|''Foundation for the Limburgian landscape''}}) and [[De Hollandsche Molen]] so it could be used for food supply during the war.<ref name="DHM_Gronsveld"/> However because of material shortages nothing came of it and the mill caught fire from fighting during the liberation of Limburg in 1944. The mill was restored from a burned out body in 1959 using stocks, brakeshaft and front tie beam from a mill in [[Horssen]] while other moving parts came from a dismantled mill in [[Maarheeze]]. In the early 1970's the mill was restored to working order and is since that time in regular use. <ref name="MDB_gronsveld" /> |
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==Description== |
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{{For|an explanation of the various items of machinery|Mill machinery}} |
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The ''torenmolen van Gronsveld'' is a five storey brick [[tower mill]]. The vertical walls up to the stone floor are {{convert|1.9|m|ftin}} thick and house a spiral staircase and a shaft for the sack hoist. The meal floor has two hearths built into the wall, either one of which could be used depending on the wind direction. The first floor served as a storage room and is supported by a vaulted roof over the entrance on the ground floor. A {{convert|3|m|ftin}} high mound was thrown up around the mill for the miller to reach the sails. The mound is supported on the outside by a wall of [[chalk]] blocks. The mill is winded by a tailpole and winch with the [[roofing felt]] covered cap resting of a ''dead curb'' of wooden blocks. The four [[windmill sail#common sails|common sails]] with [[windmill sail#Dutch sail types|Van Bussel leading edges]] and air brakes have a span of {{convert|24.6|m|ftin}}. They are carried on a cast-iron windshaft which also carries the brake wheel which drives the wallower at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel drives the one pairs of mill stones of {{convert|1.50|m|ftin}} diameter via a lantern pinion stone nut. <ref name="MDB_gronsveld" /> |
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==Public Access== |
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The windmill is open to the public every first and third Saturday of the month.<ref name="MDB_gronsveld" /> |
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==References== |
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{{Commons category|Torenmolen_van_Gronsveld}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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=Grafelijke Korenmolen, Zeddam= |
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{{infobox windmill |
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| name = De Grafelijke Korenmolen |
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| image = [[File:Torenmolen.jpg|250px]] |
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| caption = De Grafelijke Korenmolen, 2004 |
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| name_of_mill = De Grafelijke Korenmolen (unofficial) |
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| location_of_mill = Bovendorpsstraat 14 7083 EC Zeddam<br>{{coord|51.903172|N|6.253051|E}} |
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| operator = Stichting Huis Bergh |
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| built = +- 1450 |
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|purpose = [[grist mill|Corn mill]] |
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|type = [[Tower mill]] |
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|storeys = |
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|sail_number = Four sails |
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|sail_type = [[windmill sail|Common sails]] |
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|windshaft = [[cast iron]] and wood |
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|winding = Internal winding with medieval winding gears |
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|pairs_of_millstones= Two pairs |
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|stone_size = {{convert|1450|cm|ft}} diameter |
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|other = Uses a mound in stead of stage to set the sails. Oldest existing windmill of the Netherlands. |
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}} |
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The '''Grafelijke Korenmolen van Zeddam''' ({{lang|en|''Countships grainmill of Zeddam''}}) is a [[tower mill]] in [[Zeddam]], the [[Netherlands]] which has been restored to working order. The mill may have been built before 1441 which makes it the oldest windmill in existence in the Netherlands.<ref name="MDB_zeddam">{{cite web | url=http://www.molendatabase.nl/nederland/molen.php?nummer=304 | title=Nederlandse molendatabase: Grafelijke Korenmolen, Zeddam | publisher=Nederlandse molendatabase | work=Database van werkende molens in Nederland | accessdate=October 29, 2012 | language=Dutch}}</ref> It is listed as [[Rijksmonument]] number 9290. <ref name="DHM_Zeddam">{{cite web | url=http://www.molens.nl/site/dbase/molen.php?pagina=gegevens&mid=474 | title=Vereniging De Hollandsche Molen. De Grafelijke Torenmolen te Zeddam | publisher=Vereniging De Hollandsche Molen | work=Molenbestand | accessdate=October 29, 2012 | language=Dutch}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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The first reference to a mill on this site dates from 1441 which likely refers to the current mill as there is no knowledge of there being an earlier mill.<ref name="MDB_zeddam"/> The first definite mention of a brick windmill is from the financial year 1453/1454. It was erected by Willem van der Leck, Lord Van den Bergh and has since always been in the possession of the [[List of counts van Bergh|counts van Bergh]] and their successors with only a short period of private ownership in the twentieth century. The farmers in the [[Land van den Bergh]] were subjected to [[mill soke]], meaning they were obliged to have their grain milled at this mill. Major reconstruction works took place in 1839 with the addition of two extra floors, an entranceway at the ground floor and an extra pair of millstones. The formerly outside staircase was moved inside. The dead curb for winding the cap was replaced with a live curb of wooden rollers in 1871. Changes made in the 1940's were partly undone in 1990 and cast iron rollers were fitted.<ref name="DHM_Zeddam"/> |
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In 1712 the House of Van den Bergh was succeeded by the [[House of Hohenzollern]]. The mill was sold in 1904 to H. Gerretschen<ref name="MDB_zeddam"/> while the castle [[Huis Bergh]] became property of [[Jan Herman van Heek]] in 1912.<ref name="Huis_Bergh">{{cite web | url=http://www.huisbergh.nl/DeDroomVanHermanVanHeek.aspx | title=Huis Bergh: De Droom van Herman van Heek | publisher=Stichting Huis Bergh | accessdate=February 17, 2013 | language=Dutch}}</ref>. Van Heek bought the windmill in 1929 to prevent it from being torn down and he had the already started demolition work repaired. Van Heek transferred his possesions to the foundation Stichting Huis Bergh in 1946.<ref name="bouwgeschiedenis">{{cite web | url=http://www.huisbergh.nl/BouwgeschiedenisVanHetKasteel.aspx | title=Kasteel Huis Bergh: bouwgeschiedenis | publisher=Stichting Huis Bergh | accessdate=February 17, 2013 | language=Dutch}}</ref> Further restoration work on the mill was done in 1963, 1974 and 1990. In 2005 the stocks were replaced. A [[horse mill]] was reconstructed near the windmill in 1974. This combination of mills used to be quite common as the horse mill was used when there was no wind.<ref name="rosmolen">{{cite web | url=http://www.huisbergh.nl/DeTorenmolenvanZeddam.aspx | title=Kasteel Huis Bergh: De Torenmolen van Zeddam | publisher=Stichting Huis Bergh | accessdate=February 17, 2013 | language=Dutch}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
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{{For|an explanation of the various items of machinery|Mill machinery}} |
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The ''Grafelijke korenmolen van Zeddam'' is a five storey brick [[tower mill]]. The parallel walls are up to {{convert|2.8|m|ftin}} thick at the base.<ref name="torenmolen_bouw">{{cite web | url=http://www.torenmolen.nl/Bouw.html | title=Torenmolen Zeddam: Bouw en Techniek | accessdate=February 17, 2013 | language=Dutch}}</ref> A {{convert|3.8|m|ftin}} high mound was thrown up around the mill for the miller to reach the sails. In the old situation the internal space at ground level was unused and the only entrance into the mill was at the current hoisting floor, only reachable by an outside staircase. In 1839 two extra floors were built into the mill body to house an extra millstone and a ground floor entrance and internal staircase built. The mill is winded by two sets of wooden gears in the cap engaging cogs on the curb. The gearing is powered by an endless rope running on a Y-wheel. The [[roofing felt]] covered cap rests on a live curb with flanged cast iron rollers. |
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The four [[windmill sail#common sails|common sails]] have a span of {{convert|26.2|m|ftin}}. They are carried on a cast-iron windshaft cast by Enthoven & Co as number 0286 in 1861 though it was only fitted in the mill 1888 after the former wooden axle broke. As the cast iron shaft was to short it was partly encased in the remainder of the wooden shaft. The windshaft carries the brake wheel which drives the wallower at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel drives the two pairs of mill stones of {{convert|1.60|m|ftin}} diameter via two lantern pinion stone nuts. |
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==Public Access== |
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The windmill is open to the public on Saturdays and from May to Oktober also on Sundays.<ref name="openstelling">{{cite web | url=http://www.torenmolen.nl/Openstelling.html | title=Torenmolen Zeddam: openstelling (see website for exact dates and times) | accessdate=February 17, 2013 | language=Dutch}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|De_Grafelijke_Korenmolen,_Zeddam}} |
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* [http://www.torenmolen.nl Torenmolen Zeddam |
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=De Buitenmolen, Zevenaar= |
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{{infobox windmill |
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| name = De Buitenmolen |
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| image = [[File:Zevenaar DeBuitenmolen 04.JPG|250px]] |
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| caption = De Buitenmolen, 2008 |
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| name_of_mill = De Buitenmolen |
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| location_of_mill = Molenstraat 63 6901 CC Zevenaar<br>{{coord|51.925411|N|6.065470|E}} |
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| operator = municipally Zevenaar |
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| built = start of 16th century |
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|purpose = [[grist mill|Corn mill]] |
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|type = [[Tower mill]] |
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|storeys = |
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|sail_number = Four sails |
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|sail_type = [[windmill sail|Common sails]] |
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|windshaft = Wood |
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|winding = Internal winding with medieval winding gears |
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|pairs_of_millstones= One pair |
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|stone_size = {{convert|140|cm|ft}} diameter |
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|other = Uses a mound in stead of stage to set the sails. One of the oldest windmills of the Netherlands. |
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}} |
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The '''Buitenmolen''' ({{lang|en|''Outer mill''}}) is a [[tower mill]] in [[Zevenaar]], the [[Netherlands]] which has been restored to working order in 1970. The mill was built in the beginning of the sixteenth century and and is listed as a [[Rijksmonument]], number 40427. |
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<ref name="MDB_zevenaar">{{cite web | url=http://www.molendatabase.nl/nederland/molen.php?nummer=306 | title=Nederlandse molendatabase: De Buitenmolen, Zevenaar | publisher=Nederlandse molendatabase | work=Database van werkende molens in Nederland | accessdate=October 29, 2012 | language=Dutch}}</ref> |
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<ref name="DHM_Zevenaar">{{cite web | url=http://www.molens.nl/site/dbase/molen.php?&mid=477 | title=Vereniging De Hollandsche Molen. Buitenmolen te Zevenaar | publisher=Vereniging De Hollandsche Molen | work=Molenbestand | accessdate=October 29, 2012 | language=Dutch}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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The first mention of a windmill on this site dates from 1408, however this probably refers to an older [[post mill]] which was later replaced by the current brick tower mill. Research on the brickwork of European tower mills by a historian points to a year of construction that can not be earlier than about 1500. The mill was initially property of lord of the duchy Kleef and continued to be owned by successive landlords until it was sold into private property in 1866 to then leaseholder Van Grinten. After his death it was sold to mill hand Johannes Gerritsen. |
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In the 1930's the change was made from wind to motor power and the sails, tailpole and internal gearings were removed. All milling stopt in 1955 after which the municipally Zevenaar became owner in 1966 who had the windmill restored in 1969. <ref name="MDB_zevenaar"/> |
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==Description== |
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{{For|an explanation of the various items of machinery|Mill machinery}} |
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The ''Buitenmolen'' is a brick [[tower mill]] with a {{convert|3.28|m|ftin}} high mound thrown up around the mill for the miller to reach the sails.<ref name="DHM_Zevenaar"/> The four [[windmill sail#common sails|common sails]] have a span of {{convert|24.4|m|ftin}}. They are carried on a wooden windshaft, {{convert|9|m|ftin}} in length initially fitted in 1969 and replaced in 2002. The windshaft carries the brake wheel which drives the wallower at the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft, the great spur wheel drives the one pair of mill stones of {{convert|1.50|m|ftin}} diameter via a lantern pinion stone nut. The mill is winded by two sets of wooden gears in the cap engaging cogs on the curb. The gearing is operated by an endless rope running on a Y-wheel on the dust floor but can also be operated by an endless chain from outside the mill or powered by an electric motor. The cap rests on a live curb with flanged cast iron rollers and is covered by [[wood shingles]].<ref name="MDB_zevenaar"/> |
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==Public Access== |
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The windmill is open to the public every Saturday from 10:00 to 16:00 hours and on appointment.<ref name="DHM_Zevenaar"/> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Commons category|De Buitenmolen}} |
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Revision as of 20:08, 6 June 2013
Opduwer
An opduwer or opdrukker is a small towboat that was used in the Low Countries in the first half of the twentieth century to push inland sailing barges. They circumvented the need to tow the ship from shore by a horse or the skipper and his family at times when sailing was impossible from lack of wind or maneuvering room in tight canals.
History
Sailing barges were the most important way of transporting bulk cargo in the low lying regions of the Netherlands. Sailing was the preferred method of propulsion but lack of wind or maneuvering room in canals meant that towing by a horse or the skipper and his family was also a common occurrence. This was hard labour and the going was slow. The opduwer was invented around 1910 when the internal combustion engine started to get adapted for shipping usage. However fitting an engine and propeller to the existing sailing barges was found cumbersome as the shape of the stern was designed for sailing and far from ideal for fitting a propeller while the engine room took up valuable cargo space. Also some local governments taxed motor boats higher than sailing boats as the former were thought to damage the canal shores. In stead the engine was built into a rowing boat or a specially built boat that was lashed to the stern of the barge. The opduwer was owned by the barge skipper and therefore opduwer and barge commonly stayed together. The combination was steered by the barges rudder, throttle and reversing gear were operated by strings or a boat hook from the barge or the opduwer was only manned during special maneuvers. The design of the opduwer evolved to a kind of miniature tugboat and built by shipyards, often from leftover bits of steel from larger ships. By the 1940's opduwer usage declined as engines were fitted to the barges themselves and the relatively small barges themselves became commercially unviable as more cargo was transported over land. A large number survive as pleasure craft.
Design
Opduwers are generally divided by hull shape, with either a strait bow (steilsteven) or rounded bow (vlet), the former more resembling a small tugboat while the latter was better able to handle rough seas, for example while crossing the zuiderzee. Some opduwers are completely open while others have an engine room to protect the engine from the weather. Sizes range from about 4 to 6 meter, larger examples are commonly catagorized as tugboats. The engine type was diverse, firstly a recycled car engine from a T-ford was popular. Later stationary engines from Lister and Deutz were common as well as small proper marine engines. The amount of horsepower of these engines was modest by todays standards, going from 6 hp upwards.