Galicia (Eastern Europe): Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Galicia (Central and Eastern Europe)]] |
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{{copyedit|date=November 2013}} |
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{{R from move}} |
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{{distinguish|Galicia (Spain)}} |
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{{more footnotes|date=December 2010}} |
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[[File:Map Galicia central Europe.png|thumb|Map of western and eastern Galicia, divided between today's Poland and Ukraine]] |
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'''Galicia''' ({{lang-uk|Галичина}}, ''Halychyna''; [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]: Галичина, ''Halychyna''; {{lang-pl|Galicja}}; {{lang-ro|Galiția/Halici}}; {{lang-de|Galizien}}; {{lang-ru|Галиция/Галичина}}, ''Galitsiya/Galichina''; {{lang-cs|Halič}}; {{lang-sk|Halič}}; {{lang-yi|גאַליציע}}, ''Galytsye''; {{lang-hu|Galícia/Kaliz/Gácsország/Halics}}) is a historical region in [[Central Europe]] that currently straddles the border between [[Poland]] and [[Ukraine]]. The area, which is named after the [[Krylos|medieval city of Halych]], was first mentioned in Hungarian historic chronicles in the year 1206 as ''Galiciæ''. |
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The nucleus of Galicia lies within the modern regions of [[western Ukraine]]: [[Lvivska oblast|Lviv]], [[Ternopilska oblast|Ternopil]] and [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]] near the contemporary Ukrainian city of [[Halych]]. In the 18th century, territories that later became part of the modern Polish regions of [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship]] and [[Subcarpathian Voivodeship]] were added to Galicia. |
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There is considerable overlap between Galicia and '''[[Ruthenia]]''' ([[Rusyn language|''Rusyn'']] Rusynы, ''Rusyny''; {{lang-uk|Русь}} ''Rus' ''; [[Slovakian language|Slovakian]] ''Rusyna''), a [[cross-border region]] inhabited by various nationalities, including the [[Rusyn people|Rusyn minority]], especially ''[[Zakarpattia Oblast]]'' (the Transcarpathian Region) of southwestern Ukraine. In this modern sense, "Ruthenia" straddles western Ukraine, Poland and [[Slovakia]]. |
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== Origins and variations of the name == |
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[[File:Principality Halich map.PNG|thumb|Map of the [[Principality of Halych]] in the 13th century, which formed the nucleus of the later Galicia]] |
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[[File:Halych1.jpg|thumb|Monument to King [[Daniel of Galicia]] in Halych]] |
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[[File:Map of the Kingdom of Galicia, 1914.jpg|thumb|Map of the Kingdom of Galicia, 1914]] |
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In the 13th century King [[Andrew II of Hungary]] used the style ''Galicia et Lodomeria'' - a [[Latin]]ized version of the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] names [[Halych]] and [[Volodymyr-Volyns'kyi|Volodymyr]], the major cities of the principality of [[Halych-Volhynia]], which the Hungarians ruled from 1214 to 1221. Halych-Volhynia cut a swathe as a mighty principality under the reign of [[Roman the Great]] in 1170–1205. After the expulsion of the [[Hungarians]] in 1221, [[Ruthenians]] took back rule of the area. Roman's son [[Daniel of Galicia]] was crowned king of [[Halych-Volhynia]]. He founded [[Lviv]] (Leopolis), named in honour of his son [[Leo I of Halych|Leo I]], who later moved the capital from Halych to Lviv. |
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The [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] name ''Halych'' (Галич) (''Halicz'' in [[Polish language|Polish]], ''Галич'' in [[Russian language|Russian]], ''Galic'' in Latin) comes from the Khwalis or [[Khalyzians|Kaliz]] who occupied the area from the time of the [[Magyars]]. They were also called ''Khalisioi'' in [[Greek language|Greek]], and ''Khvalis'' (Хваліс) in Ukrainian. Some historians {{who|date=February 2013}} speculated it had to do with a people of [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] origin that may have settled nearby, being related to many similar place names found across [[Europe]] and [[Asia Minor]], such as ancient [[Gallia]] or [[Gaul]] (modern France, Belgium, northern Italy) and [[Galatia]] (modern Turkey), Iberian peninsula [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], and Romanian [[Galaţi]]. Others{{who|date=February 2013}} assert that the name has Slavic origins – from ''halytsa'' (''galitsa'') meaning "a naked (unwooded) hill", or from ''halka'' (''galka'') which means "a [[jackdaw]]". The jackdaw was used as a charge in the city's [[coat of arms]] and later also in the coat of arms of Galicia. The name, however, predates the coat of arms, which may represent [[Canting arms|canting]] or simply [[folk etymology]]. |
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Although the Hungarians were driven out from Halych-Volhynia by 1221, Hungarian kings continued to add ''Galicia et Lodomeria'' to their official titles. In 1527 the [[Habsburg]]s inherited those titles, together with the Hungarian crown. In 1772, Empress [[Maria Theresa of Austria|Maria Theresa]], Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, decided to use those historical claims to justify her participation in the first partition of Poland. In fact, the territories acquired by Austria did not correspond exactly to those of former Halych-Volhynia. Volhynia, including the city of [[Volodymyr-Volynskyi]] (Włodzimierz Wołyński) – after which [[Lodomeria]] was named – was taken by [[Russia]], not Austria. On the other hand, much of [[Lesser Poland]] – [[Nowy Sącz]] and [[Przemyśl]] (1772–1918), [[Zamość]] (1772–1809), [[Lublin]] (1795–1809), [[Kraków]] (1846–1918) – did become part of Austrian Galicia. Moreover, despite the fact that the claim derived from the historical Hungarian crown, Galicia and Lodomeria was not officially assigned to Hungary, and after the [[Ausgleich]] of 1867, it found itself in [[Cisleithania]], or the Austrian-administered part of Austria-Hungary. |
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The full official name of the new Austrian province was ''Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the Duchies of [[Duchy of Oświęcim|Auschwitz]] and [[Zator]]''. After the incorporation of the [[Free City of Kraków]] in 1846, it was extended to ''Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the [[Grand Duchy of Kraków]] with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator'' ({{lang-de|Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogtum Krakau und den Herzogtümern Auschwitz und Zator}}). |
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Each of those entities was formally separate; they were listed as such in the [[Emperor of Austria#Full titles|Austrian emperor's titles]], each had its distinct coat-of-arms and flag. For administrative purposes, however, they formed a single province. The duchies of [[Oświęcim|Auschwitz (Oświęcim)]] and Zator were small historical principalities west of [[Kraków]], on the border with [[Prussia]]n [[Silesia]]. [[Lodomeria]], under the name Volhynia, was ruled not by Austria but by the Russian Empire. |
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==Ethnographic group of Galicia== |
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* Mountain Dwellers (larger [[kinship]] group): ''Żywczaki'' or [[Gorals]] of [[Żywiec]] (pl: górale żywieccy), ''[[Babiogórcy]]'' or Gorals of [[Babia Góra]], Gorals of [[Rabka]] or ''Zagórzanie'', Kliszczaki, Gorals in [[Podhale]] (pl: górale podhalańscy), Gorals of [[Nowy Targ]] or ''Nowotarżanie'', [[Górale pienińscy]] or Gorals of [[Pieniny]] and [[Górale sądeccy|Sądeccy]] (Gorals of [[Nowy Sącz]]), Gorals of [[Spisz]] or ''Gardłaki'', Kurtacy or Czuchońcy ([[Lemkos]], Rusnaks), [[Boykos]] (Werchowyńcy), Tucholcy, [[Hutsuls]] (Czarnogórcy). |
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* Dale Dwellers (larger kinship group): [[Krakowiacy]], [[Masurians|Mazury]], Grębowiacy ([[Lasowiacy|Lesowiacy]] or Borowcy), [[Walddeutsche|Głuchoniemcy]], Bełżanie, Bużanie (Łopotniki, [[Poleszucy|Poleszuki]]), Opolanie, Wołyniacy, Pobereżcy or Nistrowianie.<ref>SGKP tom II. str. 459</ref> |
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==History== |
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{{main|History of Galicia (Eastern Europe)}} |
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[[File:Sejm Galicyjski.jpg|thumb|The legislative [[Sejm of the Land]] was located in the capital city Lviv]] |
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The territory was settled by the [[East Slavs]] in the [[early middle ages]] and, in the 12th century, a [[Rurikid]] Principality of [[Halych]] (Halicz, Halics, Galich, Galic) formed there, merged in the end of the century with the neighboring [[Volhynia]] into the [[Halych-Volhynia|Principality of Halych Volhynia]] that existed for a century and a half. By 1352, when the principality was partitioned between the [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Polish Kingdom]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], most of Galicia belonged to the [[Crown of the Polish Kingdom|Polish Crown]], where it still remained after the [[Union of Lublin|1569 union]] between Poland and Lithuania. Upon the [[partitions of Poland|partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in 1772 the [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]], or simply Galicia, became the largest, most populous, and northernmost province of the [[Austrian Empire]], where it remained until the dissolution of [[Austria-Hungary]] at the end of [[World War I]] in 1918. |
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==People== |
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[[File:Campesinos y judíos galizia.png|thumb|upright|Peasants and Jews from Galicia, c. 1886]] |
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In 1773, Galicia had about 2.6 million inhabitants in 280 cities and market towns and approx. 5,500 villages. There were nearly 19,000 noble families, with 95,000 members (about 3% of the population). The [[serfs]] accounted for 1.86 million, more than 70% of the population. A small number were full-time farmers, but by far the overwhelming number (84%) had only smallholdings or no possessions. |
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No country of the Austrian monarchy had such a varied ethnic mix as Galicia: Poles, [[Ruthenians]], Jews, Germans, Armenians, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Roma, etc. The [[Poles]] were mainly in the west, with the Ruthenians predominant in the eastern region ("Ruthenia"). At the turn of the Twentieth Century, Poles constituted 78.7% of the whole population of Western Galicia, Ukrainians 13.2%, Jews 7.6%, Germans 0.3%, and others 0.2%. The respective data for Eastern Galicia show the following numbesr: Ruthenians 64.5%, Poles 21.0%, Jews 13.7%, Germans 0.3%, and others 0.5%.<ref>Piotr Eberhardt. ''Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: history, data, analysis''. M.E. Sharpe, 2003. pp.92–93. ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5</ref> |
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The [[History of the Jews in Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Jews of Galicia]] had immigrated in the Middle Ages from Germany. German-speaking people were more commonly referred to by the region of Germany where they originated (such as [[Saxony]] or [[Swabia]]). For inhabitants who spoke different native languages, e.g. Poles and Ruthenians, identification was less problematic, but widespread multilingualness blurred the borders again. |
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It is, however, possible to make a clear distinction in religious denominations: Poles were [[Roman Catholic]], the Ruthenians belonged to [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church]] (now split into several ''[[sui juris]]'' Catholic churches, the largest of which is the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]). The Jews represented the third largest religious group. Galicia was the center of the branch of Orthodox Judaism known as [[Hasidism]]. |
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==Economy== |
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{{seealso|Poverty in Austrian Galicia}} |
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The new state borders had cut Galicia off from many of its traditional trade routes and markets of the Polish sphere, resulting in stagnation of economic life and decline of Galician towns. Lviv lost its status as a significant trade center. After a short period of limited investments, the Austrian government started a fiscal exploitation of Galicia and drained the region of manpower through conscription to imperial army. The Austrians decided that Galicia shouldn't develop industrially but remain an agricultural area that would serve as a supplier of food products and raw materials to other Habsburg provinces. New taxes were instituted, investments weren't encouraged, cities and towns were neglected.<ref>P. R. Magocsi. (1983). ''Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide.'' Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies,Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. p. 99</ref><ref>P. Wandycz. (1974). ''The lands of partitioned Poland, 1795-1918. A History of East Central Europe''. University of Washington Press. p. 12</ref><ref>K. Stauter-Halsted. (2005). ''The Nation In The Village: The Genesis Of Peasant National Identity In Austrian Poland, 1848-1914''. Cornell University Press. p. 24</ref> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Subdivisions of Galicia]] |
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*[[Bukovina]] |
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*[[Galician Soviet Socialist Republic]] |
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*[[Halych-Volhynia]] |
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*[[History of the Jews in Galicia (Eastern Europe)]] |
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*[[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] |
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*[[Lesser Poland]] |
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*[[List of rulers of Halych and Volhynia]] |
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*[[List of Galician rulers]] |
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*[[List of Ukrainian rulers]] |
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*[[List of people from Galicia (modern period)]] |
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*[[List of Galician (Eastern European) Jews]] |
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*[[List of towns of the former Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] |
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*[[Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia]] |
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*[[Rus' people]] |
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*[[Rus' (region)]] |
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*[[Ruthenians]] |
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*[[Three hares]] |
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==References== |
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===Notes=== |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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===Books=== |
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* Dohrn, Verena. ''Journey to Galicia,'' (S. Fischer, 1991), ISBN 3-10-015310-3 |
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* Frank, Alison Fleig. ''Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia'' (Harvard University Press, 2005). A new monograph on the history of the Galician oil industry in both the Austrian and European contexts. |
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* [[Christopher Hann]] and [[Paul Robert Magocsi]], eds., ''Galicia: A Multicultured Land'' (Toronto: [[University of Toronto]] Press, 2005). A collection of articles by John Paul Himka, Yaroslav Hrytsak, Stanislaw Stepien, and others. |
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* [[Paul Robert Magocsi]],'' Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide'' (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983). Concentrates on the historical, or Eastern Galicia. |
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* [[Andrei S. Markovits]] and [[Frank E. Sysyn]], eds., ''Nationbuilding and the Politics of Nationalism: Essays on Austrian Galicia'' ([[Cambridge, Mass.]]: [[Harvard University Press]], 1982). Contains an important article by [[Piotr Wandycz]] on the Poles, and an equally important article by [[Ivan L. Rudnytsky]] on the Ukrainians. |
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*[[A.J.P. Taylor]], ''The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918'', 1941, discusses Habsburg policy toward ethnic minorities. |
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* Wolff, Larry. ''The Idea of Galicia: History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture'' (Stanford University Press; 2010) 504 pages. Examines the role in history and cultural imagination of a province created by the 1772 partition of Poland that later disappeared, in official terms, in 1918. |
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*{{pl icon}} [[Grzegorz Hryciuk]], ''Liczba i skład etniczny ludności tzw. Galicji Wschodniej w latach 1931–1959'', [Number and Ethnic Composition of the People of so-called Eastern Galicia 1931–1959] Lublin 1996 |
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{{Refend}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commons category|Galicia (Central Europe)}} |
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* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=30&letter=G Jewish Encyclopedia] |
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* [http://66.193.175.9/poland/Galician_Research Galician Research] |
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* [http://www.starstuff.net/dumbjaw/poland/galicia2.gif Coat of arms of Galicia] |
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* [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ua-gal.html Flag of Galicia] |
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* [http://ukrstor.com/galizia.html Galicia in UkrStor.com] (the web library of historical documents & publicism about Malorussia/Ukraine) |
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* [http://www.volhynia-galicia.pl/ Volhynia-Galicia] {{pl icon}} |
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* [http://halychyna.org/ Halychyna.org] |
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* [http://ukraine.dobirka.info Ukraine: Nation, Culture] (about Galician region) |
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* [http://68.178.150.41/htdocs/zoom/21064.htm Spezialkarte von des Koenigreichs Galizien und Lodomerien westlichen Kreisen. Nro. 35. Wien, Josef von Reilly. 1791] |
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* [http://68.178.150.41/htdocs/zoom/21065.htm Das Koenigreichs Galizien und Lodomerien mittlere Kreise. Nro. 36. Wien, Josef von Reilly. 1791] |
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* [http://68.178.150.41/htdocs/zoom/17542.htm Galizien nach den neuesten Beobabachtungen.] [[Wien]], Tranquillo Mollo, 1817 |
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* [http://68.178.150.41/htdocs/zoom/20984.htm Charte von Ost und West Galizien nach den neuesten astronomischen Ortsbestimmungen entworfen, und revidirt auf der Sternwarte Seeberg bey Gotha gezeichnet von G. R. Schmidburg. – Weimar im Verlage des Geograph. Instituts – Berichtigt nach dem Wiener Frieden vom 14t October. 1809. Weimar, Geographisches Institut 1809] |
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{{Galicia and Lodomeria timeline}} |
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{{coord missing}} |
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[[Category:Galicia (Eastern Europe)| ]] |
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[[Category:Historical regions in Poland]] |
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[[Category:Historical regions in Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:Historic Jewish communities]] |
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[[Category:Rus]] |
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[[Category:Western Ukraine]] |
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[[Category:Lesser Poland]] |
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Revision as of 10:24, 13 November 2013
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