Charles Lee (general)

Charles Lee
Born	5 February 1732 [O.S. 26 January 1731] Dernhall, Cheshire
Died	2 October 1782(1782-10-02) (aged 50) Philadelphia
Buried	Christ Church, Philadelphia
Allegiance	Kingdom of Great Britain Poland United States of America
Service/branch	British Army Polish Army Continental Army
Years of service	British Army: 1746–1763 Continental Army: 1775–1780
Rank	British Army: Lieutenant Colonel Polish Army: Major General Continental Army: Major General
Unit	44th Foot, 103rd Foot
Commands held	Southern Department of the Continental Army
Battles/wars	Seven Years' War Braddock Expedition Louisbourg Expedition (1757) Battle of Carillon Battle of Fort Niagara Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) American Revolutionary War Battle of Monmouth
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Charles Lee (5 February 1732 [O.S. 26 January 1731] – 2 October 1782) served as a General of the Continental Army during the American War of Independence. Lee also served earlier in the British Army during the Seven Years War. After the war he sold his commission and served for a time in the Polish army of King Stanislaus II. In 1773 Lee, who had Whig views, moved to America and bought an estate in Virginia. When the fighting broke out in the American War of Independence in 1775 he volunteered to serve with rebel forces. Lee's ambitions to become Commander in Chief of the Continental Army were thwarted by the appointment of George Washington.

During 1776, forces under his command repulsed a British attempt to capture Charleston, which boosted his standing with the army and Congress. Later that year he was captured by British cavalry under Banastre Tarleton and held as a prisoner until exchanged in 1778. During the decisive Battle of Monmouth later that year, Lee led an assault on the British which miscarried. He was subsequently court-martialed and his military service brought to an end. He died in Philadelphia in 1782.

Early life

Lee was born on 5 February 1732 [O.S. 26 January 1731] in Dernhall, Cheshire, England, the son of Major General John Lee and Isabella Bunbury (daughter of Sir Henry Bunbury, 3rd Baronet). He was sent to free grammar school in Bury St Edmunds and later to Switzerland and became proficient in several languages, including Latin, Greek and French. On 9 April 1747 his father, then Colonel of the 55th Foot (later renumbered the 44th), purchased a commission for Charles as an Ensign in the same regiment.

Seven Years' War and after

Further information: Great Britain in the Seven Years War and French and Indian War

North America

After completing his schooling, Lee reported for duty with his regiment in Ireland. Shortly after his father's death, on 2 May 1751 he received (or purchased) a Lieutenant's commission in the 44th. He was sent with the regiment to America in 1754 for service in the French and Indian War under Major General Edward Braddock, and was at his defeat at the Battle of the Monongahela in 1755. During this time in America, he married the daughter of a Mohawk Indian chief. His wife (name unknown) gave birth to twins. Lee was known to the Mohawks as Ounewaterika, or "Boiling Water". On 11 June 1756 Lee purchased a Captain's commission in the 44th for the sum of £900. The following year he took part in an expedition against the French fortress of Louisbourg, and on 1 July 1758 he was wounded in a failed assault on Fort Ticonderoga. He was sent to Long Island to recuperate where an attempt on his life was made by a surgeon he had earlier rebuked and thrashed. After recovering, he took part in the capture of Fort Niagara in 1759 and Montreal in 1760, which brought the war on the North American theater to an end by completing the Conquest of Canada.

Portugal

Lee went back to Europe, transferred to the 103rd Foot as a major, and served as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Portuguese army, fighting against the Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762) in which he distinguished himself under John Burgoyne at the Battle of Vila Velha.

Poland

He returned to England in 1763 following the Peace of Paris which ended the Seven Years' War. His regiment was disbanded and he was retired on half pay as a Major. In May 1772, although still inactive, he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel.

In 1765 he fought in Poland, serving as an aide-de-camp under King Stanislaus II. After many adventures he came home to England. Unable to secure promotion in the British Army, in 1769 he returned to Poland and saw action in the Russo-Turkish War, and lost two fingers in a duel in which he killed his opponent. Returning to England once again, he found that he was sympathetic to the American colonists in their quarrel with Britain. He moved to the colonies in 1773 and in 1775 purchased an estate worth £3,000 in Berkeley County in Virginia, an area now part of West Virginia, near the home of his friend Horatio Gates. He spent ten months travelling through the colonies and acquainting himself with patriots.

American Revolution

Continental Army

Lee as depicted in Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography.

When war appeared inevitable he resigned his Royal commission and volunteered his services to the colonies. He expected to be named Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, being the most experienced candidate. On the other hand, he was born in Britain, somewhat eccentric, slovenly in appearance, coarse in language, and perhaps most of all, he wanted to be paid: by joining the rebellion, he forfeited all his properties in England, and wanted to be compensated. George Washington, on the other hand, was sober, steady, calm, and best of all, would work without pay, asking only that the Continental Congress should cover his expenses. Washington also was a good political choice: a southern commander to pair with a primarily New England fighting force. Washington received the appointment, and Lee was offered the subordinate rank of Major General. Because of this, Lee had nothing but the utmost disdain for his superior. He once remarked, "Washington is not fit enough to command a Sergeant's Guard". Lee was often considered second in command of the Continental forces, although Artemas Ward, who was not in good health, officially held this position.

During the encampment at Valley Forge in late 1777 and early 1778, his headquarters was at the David Harvard House.

Southern command

Main article: Battle of Sullivan's Island

Lee also received various other titles: in 1776, he was named Commander of the so-called Canadian Department, although he never got to serve in this capacity. Instead, he was appointed as the first Commander of the Southern Department. He served in this post for six months, until he was recalled to the main army. During his time in the South, the British sent an expedition under Henry Clinton to recover Charleston, South Carolina. Lee oversaw the fortification of the city. Fort Sullivan was a fortification built out of palmetto logs, later named for commander Col. William Moultrie. Lee ordered the army to evacuate the fort because as he said it would only last thirty minutes and all soldiers would be killed. Governor John Rutledge forbade Moultrie to evacuate and the fort held. The spongy palmetto logs repelled the cannonball from the British ships. Thus a British assault on Sullivan's Island was driven off and Clinton then abandoned his attempts to capture the city. Even though the credit of the defence was not his he was now called "hero of Charleston".

New York

Main article: New York Campaign

When he arrived in New York to join General Washington and the main part of the Continental Army, Washington chose to show his appreciation of General Lee (who was a very popular general officer among not only the army, but Congress) by changing the name of Fort Constitution, which was located on the New Jersey side of the Hudson opposite Fort Washington, to Fort Lee.

Toward the end of 1776, Lee's animosity for Washington began to show. During the retreat from Forts Washington and Lee, he dawdled with his army, and intensified a letter campaign to convince various Congress members that he should replace Washington as Commander-in-Chief. Around this time, Washington was accidentally given and opened a letter from Lee to a Colonel Reed, in which Lee condemned Washington's leadership and abilities, and blamed Washington entirely for the dire straits of the Army. Though he was the victim of the letter, Washington was not angry. He was suspicious and disappointed at both Lee and himself, Washington being inclined to take much responsibility and little credit for himself. He sent the letters to Reed and wrote an accompanying letter apologizing for the mistake.

Capture

Although his army was supposed to join that of Washington's in Pennsylvania, Lee set a very slow pace. On the night of December 12, Lee and a dozen of his guard inexplicably stopped for the night at White's Tavern in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, some three miles from his main army. The next morning, a British patrol of two dozen mounted soldiers found Lee writing letters in his dressing gown, and captured him. Among the members of the British patrol was Cornet Banastre Tarleton. Lee returned to service after he was exchanged for General Richard Prescott.

General Lee on horseback.

Battle of Monmouth

Main article: Battle of Monmouth

Lee is most notorious for his actions during the Battle of Monmouth in June, 1778. Washington needed a secondary commander to lead the frontal assault. He unwillingly chose to put Lee in charge, as he was the most senior of his generals. At first Lee was so reluctant to take part in the attack that Washington bestowed command onto Marquis de Lafayette;. Upon this, Lee had a change of heart and requested de Lafayette to cede command which he gladly did. Washington ordered him to attack the retreating enemy, but instead, Lee ordered a retreat after only one volley of fire. After seeing this, de Lafayette sent a messenger to Washington informing of this behaviour. Lee's troops retreated directly into Washington and his troops, who were advancing, and Washington dressed him down publicly. Lee responded with insubordination for which he was arrested.

On 2 July 1778 Lee was court-martialled at Brunswick, New Jersey by a jury presided by Lord Stirling on three charges: 1. disobedience of orders in not attacking the enemy; 2. misbehaviour before the enemy in making an unnecessary, disorderly, and shameful retreat; 3. disrespect to the commander-in-chief. Lee was found guilty, and he was relieved of command for a period of one year. (In his Narrative, Joseph Plumb Martin recounted that Washington rode up during the retreat and asked Martin's officers "by whose order the troops [are] retreating". Being told it was "by Gen. Lee's", he said something that Martin wasn't close enough to hear. Martin was told later, by those who had been close enough, that Washington had said "damn him!" as he rode off, which Martin found unusual but plausible since Washington had been "in a great passion" because of the retreat.)

It is not clear that Lee had made a bad strategic decision: he believed himself outnumbered (which he in fact was: British commander Sir Henry Clinton had 10,000 troops to Lee's 5,440), and that a retreat was reasonable. However, he disobeyed his orders, and he publicly expressed disrespect to his Commander-in-Chief. Furthermore, Washington had wanted to test the abilities of Lee's troops, since they were among the first to be trained in European tactics by Baron von Steuben.

Treachery may have been the reason for Lee's retreat at the Battle of Monmouth. While Lee had been held prisoner by the British General Sir William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe in March, 1777, Lee drafted a plan for British military operations against the Americans. At the time, Lee was under a threat of being tried as a deserter from the British Army, because he hadn't resigned his British commission as Lieutenant-Colonel until several days after he accepted an American commission. The plan in Lee's handwriting was found in the Howe family archives in 1857.

Later life

Lee was very fond of dogs, and was seldom seen without half a dozen at his heels.

Lee tried to get Congress to overturn the court-martial's verdict, and when this failed, he resorted to open attacks on Washington's character. Lee's popularity then plummeted. Colonel John Laurens, an aide to Washington, challenged him to a duel, in which Lee was wounded in his side. He was challenged to many more duels. Lee was released from his duty on January 10, 1780. He retired to his estate in Shenandoah Valley where he bred horses and dogs. While visiting Philadelphia, he was stricken with fever and died in a tavern on October 2, 1782. He was buried there in the churchyard of Christ Church. Lee left his property to his sister, Sidney Lee, who died unmarried in 1788.

Fort Lee, New Jersey, on the west side of the Hudson River (across the water from Fort Washington, New York) was named for him, as were Lee, Massachusetts, Lee, New Hampshire, and Leetown, West Virginia.

Popular culture

Lee was featured as one of the main antagonists in Assassin's Creed III, serving as one of the Grand Masters of the Knights Templar after Haytham Kenway's death.

Lee is a character in the 2014 AMC television series Turn, where he treacherously informs the British of the path of a Continental Army patrol that is then massacred by British-affiliated Roger's Rangers. Next, Lee tells the British the location of a Continental Army safe house which the Continental Army then uses to surprise and kill almost the entire British detachment sent to attack it. British intelligence officer Major John André uses a honeypot to trap and arrest Lee at an inn in New Jersey and deceive and blackmail him to further help the British cause.

Lee is also a character in the most recent book of Diana Gabaldon's "Outlander" series, "Written in My Own Heart's Blood".

Further reading

• Allen, Thomas B. (2010). Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War. HarperCollins. p. 496.
• Karels, Carol (2007). "A Disobedient Servant". The Revolutionary War in Bergen County: The Times that Tried Men's Souls. The History Press. pp. 105–111.
• Nelson, Paul David. "Lee, Charles". American National Biography.
• Papas, Phillip. Renegade Revolutionary: The Life of General Charles Lee (New York University Press; 2014) 402 pages;
• Purcell, L. Edward. Who Was Who in the American Revolution. New York: Facts on File, 1993. ISBN 0-8160-2107-4.
• McCullough, David. 1776. Simon and Schuster. 2005
• Axelrod, Alan. "The Real History of the American Revolution" Sterling Publishing, 2007.

External links

• Washington's Retreat through Jersey - Capture of General Lee
• Charles Lee at Find a Grave

Further reading

McBurney, Christian M. (2013). Kidnapping the enemy. The Special Operations to Capture Generals Charles Le & Richard Prescott. Westholme Publishing. p. 234. ISBN 978-1594161834. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)