Cryolipolysis: Difference between revisions
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==Method of action== |
==Method of action== |
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[[Lipolysis]] procedures attempt to "dissolve" fat cells by nonsurgical means. A number of methods have been attempted, including the use of [[laser]], [[ultrasound]], and [[Radio frequency]] current.<ref name=pmid25061326 /> [[Popsicle panniculitis]] is a dermatologic condition that shows that exposure to low temperatures can selectively damage subcutaneous fat while leaving skin intact.<ref name=pmid26017594 >{{cite journal |journal=Plast Reconstr Surg. |date=June 2015 |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=1581-90 |doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000001236 |pmid=26017594 |pmc=4444424 |title=Cryolipolysis for fat reduction and body contouring: safety and efficacy of current treatment paradigms. |authors=Ingargiola MJ, Motakef S, Chung MT, Vasconez HC, Sasaki GH }}</ref><ref name=avram/> Based on the premise that fat cells are more easily damaged by cooling than skin cells, Cryolipolysis was developed to apply low temperatures to tissue via thermal conduction. In order to avoid [[frostbite]], a specific temperature level and exposure is determined. Physicians Dieter Manstein and R. Rox Anderson at The Wellman Center at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] originated the concept, explored it in a number of experiments on pigs, and reported their data in 2008.<ref name=manstein>{{cite journal |title= Selective cryolysis: A novel method of non-invasive fat removal |last1= Manstein |first1= D |last2= Laubach |first2= H |last3= Watanabe |first3= K |last4= Farinelli |first4= W |last5= Zurakowski |first5= D |last6= Anderson |first6= RR |displayauthors= 4 |journal= Lasers in Surgery and Medicine |pmid= 18951424 |year= 2008 |volume= 40 |issue= 9 |pages= 595–604 |doi= 10.1002/lsm.20719}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= Cryolipolysis for noninvasive fat cell destruction: Initial results from a pig model |last1= Zelickson |first1= B |last2= Egbert |first2= BM |last3= Preciado |first3= J |last4= Allison |first4= J |last5= Springer |first5= K |last6= Rhoades |first6= RW |last7= Manstein |first7= D |displayauthors= 4 | journal= Dermatologic Surgery |pmid= 19614940 |year= 2009 |volume= 35 |issue= 10 |pages= 1462–70 |doi= 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01259.x}}</ref> While the process is not fully understood, it appears that fatty tissue that is cooled below body temperature but above freezing undergoes localized cell death followed by a local inflammatory response, a local [[panniculitis]],<ref name=manstein/> that gradually over the course of several months results in a reduction of the fatty tissue layer.<ref name=coleman/> When exposed to extreme cold, the body's usual response is to restrict circulation to keep the core of the body at the correct temperature. Cryolipolysis makes use of a powerful vacuum which adds to the inflammatory response by drawing blood up to the surface layers of the skin. |
[[Lipolysis]] Cool assisted lipolysis procedures attempt to "dissolve" fat cells by nonsurgical means. A number of methods have been attempted, including the use of [[laser]], [[ultrasound]], and [[Radio frequency]] current.<ref name=pmid25061326 /> [[Popsicle panniculitis]] is a dermatologic condition that shows that exposure to low temperatures can selectively damage subcutaneous fat while leaving skin intact.<ref name=pmid26017594 >{{cite journal |journal=Plast Reconstr Surg. |date=June 2015 |volume=135 |issue=6 |pages=1581-90 |doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000001236 |pmid=26017594 |pmc=4444424 |title=Cryolipolysis for fat reduction and body contouring: safety and efficacy of current treatment paradigms. |authors=Ingargiola MJ, Motakef S, Chung MT, Vasconez HC, Sasaki GH }}</ref><ref name=avram/> Based on the premise that fat cells are more easily damaged by cooling than skin cells, Cryolipolysis was developed to apply low temperatures to tissue via thermal conduction. In order to avoid [[frostbite]], a specific temperature level and exposure is determined. Physicians Dieter Manstein and R. Rox Anderson at The Wellman Center at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] originated the concept, explored it in a number of experiments on pigs, and reported their data in 2008.<ref name=manstein>{{cite journal |title= Selective cryolysis: A novel method of non-invasive fat removal |last1= Manstein |first1= D |last2= Laubach |first2= H |last3= Watanabe |first3= K |last4= Farinelli |first4= W |last5= Zurakowski |first5= D |last6= Anderson |first6= RR |displayauthors= 4 |journal= Lasers in Surgery and Medicine |pmid= 18951424 |year= 2008 |volume= 40 |issue= 9 |pages= 595–604 |doi= 10.1002/lsm.20719}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= Cryolipolysis for noninvasive fat cell destruction: Initial results from a pig model |last1= Zelickson |first1= B |last2= Egbert |first2= BM |last3= Preciado |first3= J |last4= Allison |first4= J |last5= Springer |first5= K |last6= Rhoades |first6= RW |last7= Manstein |first7= D |displayauthors= 4 | journal= Dermatologic Surgery |pmid= 19614940 |year= 2009 |volume= 35 |issue= 10 |pages= 1462–70 |doi= 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01259.x}}</ref> While the process is not fully understood, it appears that fatty tissue that is cooled below body temperature but above freezing undergoes localized cell death followed by a local inflammatory response, a local [[panniculitis]],<ref name=manstein/> that gradually over the course of several months results in a reduction of the fatty tissue layer.<ref name=coleman/> When exposed to extreme cold, the body's usual response is to restrict circulation to keep the core of the body at the correct temperature. Cryolipolysis makes use of a powerful vacuum which adds to the inflammatory response by drawing blood up to the surface layers of the skin. |
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==Society and culture== |
==Society and culture== |
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Revision as of 12:10, 20 August 2015
 | This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (January 2015) |  |
Cryolipolysis is a medical treatment used to destroy fat cells. Its principle relies on controlled cooling to near 4 Celsius for the non-invasive localized reduction of fat deposits in order to reshape body contours. The exposure to cooling is set so that it causes cell death of subcutaneous fat tissue without apparent damage to the overlying skin. The procedure is billed as a nonsurgical alternative to liposuction.[1] "Cryolipolysis" is a portmanteau of "cryogenic" and "lipolysis."[citation needed] Generically the process can also be known as "fat freezing".
In Europe cryolipolysis machines are used in aesthetic clinics and spas. Brand of devices include CoolSculpting[1] and Clatuu.
Evidence
The first human study appeared in 2009 when Coleman et al. reported results after cryolipolysis had been applied to love handles in a single session to ten patients, each patient being their own control. A session takes less than an hour and does not require anesthesia. With a single treatment subjects had a 20% reduction after two months and 25% reduction at six months in the fat layer as assessed by ultrasound.[2] The lipolytic effect of treatment takes place within about two to four months.[3] It appears primarily applicable to limited discrete fat bulges.[4] With the small number of patients treated, clinical data remain scarce, thus it is not known how long the treatment effect will last, or when and if later treatments would be necessary to maintain the result.
Side effects
Side effect data are based on a limited experience. Transient local redness, bruising and numbness of the skin are common side effects of the treatment and are expected to subside.[2][4] Typically sensory deficits will subside within a month. The effect on peripheral nerves was investigated and failed to show permanent detrimental results.[2] No serious long-lasting side effects were encountered during follow-up time of six months.
Method of action
Lipolysis Cool assisted lipolysis procedures attempt to "dissolve" fat cells by nonsurgical means. A number of methods have been attempted, including the use of laser, ultrasound, and Radio frequency current.[1] Popsicle panniculitis is a dermatologic condition that shows that exposure to low temperatures can selectively damage subcutaneous fat while leaving skin intact.[5][3] Based on the premise that fat cells are more easily damaged by cooling than skin cells, Cryolipolysis was developed to apply low temperatures to tissue via thermal conduction. In order to avoid frostbite, a specific temperature level and exposure is determined. Physicians Dieter Manstein and R. Rox Anderson at The Wellman Center at Massachusetts General Hospital originated the concept, explored it in a number of experiments on pigs, and reported their data in 2008.[6][7] While the process is not fully understood, it appears that fatty tissue that is cooled below body temperature but above freezing undergoes localized cell death followed by a local inflammatory response, a local panniculitis,[6] that gradually over the course of several months results in a reduction of the fatty tissue layer.[2] When exposed to extreme cold, the body's usual response is to restrict circulation to keep the core of the body at the correct temperature. Cryolipolysis makes use of a powerful vacuum which adds to the inflammatory response by drawing blood up to the surface layers of the skin.
Society and culture
Cost
Typical cost per treatment area ranges from $450 to $1500 depending on the size of the applicator and the area being treated. [8]
Regulatory approval
In September 2009, Zeltiq received EU CE Mark approval for their cryolipolysis device.[9] In September 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the cryolipolysis device and procedure.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d "Cryolipolysis for noninvasive body contouring: clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction". Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 7: 201–5. 26 June 2014. doi:10.2147/CCID.S44371. PMC 4079633. PMID 25061326.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d Coleman, SR; Sachdeva, K; Egbert, BM; Preciado, J; Allison, J (2009). "Clinical efficacy of noninvasive cryolipolysis and its effects on peripheral nerves" (PDF). Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 33 (4): 482–8. doi:10.1007/s00266-008-9286-8. PMID 19296153.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Avram, MM; Harry, RS (2009). "Cryolipolysis for subcutaneous fat layer reduction". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 41 (10): 703–8. doi:10.1002/lsm.20864. PMID 20014262.
- ^ a b Nelson, AA; Wasserman, D; Avram, MM (2009). "Cryolipolysis for reduction of excess adipose tissue". Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 28 (4): 244–9. doi:10.1016/j.sder.2009.11.004. PMID 20123423.
- ^ "Cryolipolysis for fat reduction and body contouring: safety and efficacy of current treatment paradigms". Plast Reconstr Surg. 135 (6): 1581–90. June 2015. doi:10.1097/PRS.0000000000001236. PMC 4444424. PMID 26017594.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ a b Manstein, D; Laubach, H; Watanabe, K; Farinelli, W; Zurakowski, D; Anderson, RR (2008). "Selective cryolysis: A novel method of non-invasive fat removal". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 40 (9): 595–604. doi:10.1002/lsm.20719. PMID 18951424.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ Zelickson, B; Egbert, BM; Preciado, J; Allison, J; Springer, K; Rhoades, RW; Manstein, D (2009). "Cryolipolysis for noninvasive fat cell destruction: Initial results from a pig model". Dermatologic Surgery. 35 (10): 1462–70. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2009.01259.x. PMID 19614940.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ^ Zeltiq
- ^ "ZELTIQ Announces European CE Mark Approval for Non-Invasive Fat Layer Reduction Using Cryolipolysis".