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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}

{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|name = Alessandro Gavazzi
|name = Alessandro Gavazzi
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|death_date = {{Death date and age|1889|1|9|1809|3|21|df=y}}
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1889|1|9|1809|3|21|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Rome, Italy]]
|death_place = [[Rome, Italy]]
|religion = Free Church of Italy
}}
}}


'''Alessandro Gavazzi''' (21 March 1809 — 9 January 1889) was an Italian preacher and patriot. He at first became a monk (1825), and attached himself to the [[Barnabites]] at [[Naples]], where he afterwards (1829) acted as professor of rhetoric. He left the church, and became best known as a provocative speaker against Catholicism, touring Europe and the United States. Protests against him broke out in Canada in 1853, causing numerous deaths in the [[Gavazzi Riots]]<ref>Aspinwall, (2006)</ref><ref>Horner, (2011)</ref>
'''Alessandro Gavazzi''' (21 March 1809{{snd}}9 January 1889) was an Italian preacher and patriot. He at first became a monk (1825), and attached himself to the [[Barnabites]] at [[Naples]], where he afterwards (1829) acted as professor of rhetoric.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Gavazzi, Alessandro|volume=11|page=538}}</ref> He left the church, and became best known as a provocative speaker against Catholicism, touring Europe and the United States. Protests against him broke out in Canada in 1853, causing numerous deaths in the [[Gavazzi Riots]]{{sfn|Aspinwall|2006}}{{sfn|Horner|2011}}


==Biography==
==Biography==
In 1840, having already expressed [[Liberalism|liberal]] views, he was removed to Rome to fill a subordinate position. Leaving his own country after the capture of Rome by the French, he carried on a vigorous campaign against priests and [[Jesuits]] in England, Scotland and North America, partly by means of a periodical, the ''Gavazzi Free Word''.
In 1840, having already expressed [[Liberalism|liberal]] views, he was removed to Rome to fill a subordinate position. Leaving his own country after the capture of Rome by the French, he carried on a vigorous campaign against priests and [[Jesuits]] in England, Scotland and North America, partly by means of a periodical, the ''Gavazzi Free Word''.


While in England he gradually went over (1855) to the Evangelical church, and became head and organizer of the Italian [[Protestant]]s in London. Returning to Italy in 1860, he served as army-chaplain with [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. In 1870 he became head of the Free Church (''Chiesa libera'') of Italy, united the scattered Congregations into the Unione delle Chiese libere in Italia, and in 1875 founded in Rome the theological college of the Free Church, in which he himself taught dogmatics, apologetics and polemics. He died in Rome on 9 January 1889, aged 79.
While in England he gradually went over (1855) to the Evangelical church, and became head and organizer of the Italian [[Protestant]]s in London. Returning to Italy in 1860, he served as army-chaplain with [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]]. In 1870 he became head of the Free Church (''Chiesa libera'') of Italy, united the scattered Congregations into the Unione delle Chiese libere in Italia, and in 1875 founded in Rome the theological college of the Free Church, in which he himself taught dogmatics, apologetics and polemics. He died in Rome on 9 January 1889, aged 79.<ref name="EB1911"/>


Among his publications are ''No Union with Rome'' (1871); ''The Priest in Absolution'' (1877); ''My Recollections of the Last Four Popes, etc.'', in answer to Cardinal Wiseman'' (1858); ''Orations, 2 decades'' (1851). {{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
Among his publications are ''No Union with Rome'' (1871); ''The Priest in Absolution'' (1877); ''My Recollections of the Last Four Popes, etc.'', in answer to Cardinal Wiseman'' (1858); ''Orations, 2 decades'' (1851).<ref name="EB1911"/>


==Gavazzi Riots==
==Gavazzi Riots==
{{Main|Gavazzi Riots}}
{{Main|Gavazzi Riots}}
In the spring of 1853, Gavazzi visited North America. [[Gavazzi Riots]] were disturbances created in [[Quebec City|Quebec]] on 6 June 1853, and in [[Montreal]], on 9 June, by mobs which attacked halls in which Gavazzi was lecturing. His lectures at Quebec and Montreal were strongly anti-[[Roman Catholic]]; and at both places the soldiers had to be called out to restore order. At Montreal, 40 lives were lost. The riots caused also political repercussions.<ref>W. Stewart WALLACE, ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Canada'', Vol. III, Toronto, University Associates of Canada, 1948, 396p., pg. 13.</ref>
In the spring of 1853, Gavazzi visited North America. [[Gavazzi Riots]] were disturbances created in [[Quebec City|Quebec]] on 6 June 1853, and in [[Montreal]], on 9 June, by mobs which attacked halls in which Gavazzi was lecturing. His lectures at Quebec and Montreal were strongly anti-[[Roman Catholic]]; and at both places the soldiers had to be called out to restore order. At Montreal, 40 lives were lost. The riots caused also political repercussions.<ref>W. Stewart WALLACE, ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Canada'', Vol. III, Toronto, University Associates of Canada, 1948, 396p., pg. 13.</ref>

==References==
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{{reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
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{{Commons category|Alessandro Gavazzi}}
* Aspinwall, Bernard. "Rev. Alessandro Gavazzi (1808–1889) and Scottish Identity: A Chapter in Nineteenth Century Anti-Catholicism." ''Recusant History'' 28#1 (2006): 129-152.
* Aspinwall, Bernard. "Rev. Alessandro Gavazzi (1808–1889) and Scottish Identity: A Chapter in Nineteenth Century Anti-Catholicism." ''Recusant History'' 28#1 (2006): 129-152.
* Horner, Dan. "'Shame upon you as men!': Contesting Authority in the Aftermath of Montreal's Gavazzi Riot." ''Histoire sociale/social history'' 44#1 (2011): 29-52.
* Horner, Dan. "'Shame upon you as men!': Contesting Authority in the Aftermath of Montreal's Gavazzi Riot." ''Histoire sociale/social history'' 44#1 (2011): 29-52.
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'''Other languages:'''
*{{EB1911}}
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===Other languages===
* Luigi Santini: ''Alessandro Gavazzi. Aspetti del problema religioso del Risorgimento''. Modena: Soc. tipogr. ed. modenese, 1955.
* Luigi Santini: ''Alessandro Gavazzi. Aspetti del problema religioso del Risorgimento''. Modena: Soc. tipogr. ed. modenese, 1955.
* Robert Sylvain: ''Alessandro Gavazzi 1809-1889. Clerc, Garibaldien, prédicant des deux mondes.; 30 illustr. documentaires. Québec: Centre pédagogique, 1962.
* Robert Sylvain: ''Alessandro Gavazzi 1809-1889. Clerc, Garibaldien, prédicant des deux mondes.; 30 illustr. documentaires. Québec: Centre pédagogique, 1962.



== External links ==
== External links ==
* [http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebecHistory/encyclopedia/Gavazzi-Dent.htm The Gavazzi Riots and their Consequences]
* [http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebecHistory/encyclopedia/Gavazzi-Dent.htm The Gavazzi Riots and their Consequences]
* [http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/GavazziRiots-emeutesGavazzi.htm Extensive resources on the Gavazzi riots]
* [http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/GavazziRiots-emeutesGavazzi.htm Extensive resources on the Gavazzi riots]
==Notes==
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{{Commons category|Alessandro Gavazzi}}
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{{reflist}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2011}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}

Revision as of 08:21, 5 February 2017

Alessandro Gavazzi
Born(1809-03-21)21 March 1809
Bologna, Italy
Died9 January 1889(1889-01-09) (aged 79)
Rome, Italy

Alessandro Gavazzi (21 March 1809 – 9 January 1889) was an Italian preacher and patriot. He at first became a monk (1825), and attached himself to the Barnabites at Naples, where he afterwards (1829) acted as professor of rhetoric.[1] He left the church, and became best known as a provocative speaker against Catholicism, touring Europe and the United States. Protests against him broke out in Canada in 1853, causing numerous deaths in the Gavazzi Riots[2][3]

Biography

In 1840, having already expressed liberal views, he was removed to Rome to fill a subordinate position. Leaving his own country after the capture of Rome by the French, he carried on a vigorous campaign against priests and Jesuits in England, Scotland and North America, partly by means of a periodical, the Gavazzi Free Word.

While in England he gradually went over (1855) to the Evangelical church, and became head and organizer of the Italian Protestants in London. Returning to Italy in 1860, he served as army-chaplain with Giuseppe Garibaldi. In 1870 he became head of the Free Church (Chiesa libera) of Italy, united the scattered Congregations into the Unione delle Chiese libere in Italia, and in 1875 founded in Rome the theological college of the Free Church, in which he himself taught dogmatics, apologetics and polemics. He died in Rome on 9 January 1889, aged 79.[1]

Among his publications are No Union with Rome (1871); The Priest in Absolution (1877); My Recollections of the Last Four Popes, etc., in answer to Cardinal Wiseman (1858); Orations, 2 decades (1851).[1]

Gavazzi Riots

Main article: Gavazzi Riots

In the spring of 1853, Gavazzi visited North America. Gavazzi Riots were disturbances created in Quebec on 6 June 1853, and in Montreal, on 9 June, by mobs which attacked halls in which Gavazzi was lecturing. His lectures at Quebec and Montreal were strongly anti-Roman Catholic; and at both places the soldiers had to be called out to restore order. At Montreal, 40 lives were lost. The riots caused also political repercussions.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gavazzi, Alessandro". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 538.
  2. ^ Aspinwall 2006.
  3. ^ Horner 2011.
  4. ^ W. Stewart WALLACE, ed., The Encyclopedia of Canada, Vol. III, Toronto, University Associates of Canada, 1948, 396p., pg. 13.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alessandro Gavazzi.
  • Aspinwall, Bernard. "Rev. Alessandro Gavazzi (1808–1889) and Scottish Identity: A Chapter in Nineteenth Century Anti-Catholicism." Recusant History 28#1 (2006): 129-152.
  • Horner, Dan. "'Shame upon you as men!': Contesting Authority in the Aftermath of Montreal's Gavazzi Riot." Histoire sociale/social history 44#1 (2011): 29-52.

Other languages:

  • Luigi Santini: Alessandro Gavazzi. Aspetti del problema religioso del Risorgimento. Modena: Soc. tipogr. ed. modenese, 1955.
  • Robert Sylvain: Alessandro Gavazzi 1809-1889. Clerc, Garibaldien, prédicant des deux mondes.; 30 illustr. documentaires. Québec: Centre pédagogique, 1962.
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