Luxmanda: Difference between revisions
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== Ancient DNA analyses == |
== Ancient DNA analyses == |
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Admixture clustering analysis of a 3,100 year old female skeleton exhumed at Luxmanda found that the ancient individual carried a large proportion of ancestry related to the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic]] culture of the [[Levant]], as well as gene flow from hunter-gatherer populations that inhabited either Ethiopia ca. 4,500 ybp or the Nile Valley.<ref name="Skoglund2017">{{cite journal|last1=Skoglund et al.|date=September 21, 2017|title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure|url=http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(17)31008-5|journal=Cell|volume=171|pages=59–71|accessdate=15 May 2018|quote=The Savanna Pastoral Neolithic sample Tanzania_Luxmanda_3100BP, a missing-link pastoralist population that almost certainly is responsible for having spread ancestry most closely related to the ancient Levant to southern Africa and which is also closely but not exclusively related to present-day Cushitic speakers[...] These results could be explained by migration into Africa from descendants of pre-pottery Levantine farmers or alternatively by a scenario in which both pre-pottery Levantine farmers and Tanzania_Luxmanda_3100BP descend from a common ancestral population that lived thousands of years earlier in Africa or the Near East. We fit the remaining approximately two-thirds of Tanzania_Luxmanda_3100BP as most closely related to the Ethiopia_4500BP (p = 0.029) or, allowing for three-way mixture, also from a source closely related to the Dinka (p = 0.18; the Levantine-related ancestry in this case was 39% ± 1%)}}</ref> Haplogroup analysis also indicated that the specimen bore the [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2a1]] mtDNA clade. This altogether suggests that the makers of the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic were responsible for spreading |
Admixture clustering analysis of a 3,100 year old female skeleton exhumed at Luxmanda found that the ancient individual carried a large proportion of ancestry related to the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic]] culture of the [[Levant]], as well as gene flow from hunter-gatherer populations that inhabited either Ethiopia ca. 4,500 ybp or the Nile Valley.<ref name="Skoglund2017">{{cite journal|last1=Skoglund et al.|date=September 21, 2017|title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure|url=http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(17)31008-5|journal=Cell|volume=171|pages=59–71|accessdate=15 May 2018|quote=The Savanna Pastoral Neolithic sample Tanzania_Luxmanda_3100BP, a missing-link pastoralist population that almost certainly is responsible for having spread ancestry most closely related to the ancient Levant to southern Africa and which is also closely but not exclusively related to present-day Cushitic speakers[...] These results could be explained by migration into Africa from descendants of pre-pottery Levantine farmers or alternatively by a scenario in which both pre-pottery Levantine farmers and Tanzania_Luxmanda_3100BP descend from a common ancestral population that lived thousands of years earlier in Africa or the Near East. We fit the remaining approximately two-thirds of Tanzania_Luxmanda_3100BP as most closely related to the Ethiopia_4500BP (p = 0.029) or, allowing for three-way mixture, also from a source closely related to the Dinka (p = 0.18; the Levantine-related ancestry in this case was 39% ± 1%)}}</ref> Haplogroup analysis also indicated that the specimen bore the [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)|L2a1]] mtDNA clade. This altogether suggests that the makers of the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic were responsible for spreading ancient Levant-related ancestry in the lacustrine region, where they had established new settlements. The Luxmanda individual's population also likely introduced herding to southern Africa since a 1,200 year old pastoralist individual from the western Cape was found to bear affinities with the Luxmanda sample.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Skoglund et al.|date=September 21, 2017|title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure|url=http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(17)31008-5|journal=Cell|volume=171|pages=59–71|accessdate=15 May 2018|quote=the ∼1,200 BP sample from the western Cape that is found in a pastoralist context has a specific similarity in clustering analyses to present-day Khoe-Khoe-speaking pastoralist populations such as the Nama (Figure 1B), and like them it has affinity to three groups: Khoe-San, western Eurasians, and eastern Africans[...] the South_Africa_1200BP pastoralist individual from the western Cape is consistent with being a mixture of just two streams of ancestry relative to non-southern African populations, with 40.3% ± 2.3% ancestry related to the Tanzania_Luxmanda_3100BP individual (54% ± 7% when restricting analysis to sequences with postmortem damage) and the remainder being related to the South_Africa_2000BP hunter-gatherers (Table S5). This supports the hypothesis that the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic archaeological tradition in eastern Africa is a plausible source for the spread of herding to southern Africa.}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 21:55, 15 May 2018
Luxmanda is an archaeological site located in the north-central Babati District of Tanzania. It was discovered in 2012. Excavations in the area have identified it as the southernmost terminus of the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic, an archaeologically-recognized culture who may have been among the earliest Cushitic-speaking settlers in the Central Rift Valley. This pastoralist culture was centered in eastern Africa during a time period known as the Pastoral Neolithic (ca. 5000-1200 BP).[1] Radiocarbon dating of human collagen, organic matter in ceramic artifacts, and charcoal indicate that Luxmanda was occupied during a shorter period between 3,200 to 2,900 years ago.[1] Ceramics, lithics, worked bone, ivory, and ostrich eggshell assemblages in addition to livestock and human bones have been recovered from the Luxmanda site.[2]
Ancient DNA analyses
Admixture clustering analysis of a 3,100 year old female skeleton exhumed at Luxmanda found that the ancient individual carried a large proportion of ancestry related to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture of the Levant, as well as gene flow from hunter-gatherer populations that inhabited either Ethiopia ca. 4,500 ybp or the Nile Valley.[3] Haplogroup analysis also indicated that the specimen bore the L2a1 mtDNA clade. This altogether suggests that the makers of the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic were responsible for spreading ancient Levant-related ancestry in the lacustrine region, where they had established new settlements. The Luxmanda individual's population also likely introduced herding to southern Africa since a 1,200 year old pastoralist individual from the western Cape was found to bear affinities with the Luxmanda sample.[4]
References
- ^ a b Grillo, Katherine; Prendergast, Mary; et al. (2018). "Pastoral Neolithic settlement at Luxmanda, Tanzania". Journal of Field Archaeology. 43: 102–120.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|first2=(help) - ^ Langley, Michelle C., Mary E. Prendergast, and Katherine M. Grillo (2017). "Organic technology in the Pastoral Neolithic: osseous and eggshell artefacts from Luxmanda, Tanzania". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences: 1–14. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Skoglund; et al. (September 21, 2017). "Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure". Cell. 171: 59–71. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
The Savanna Pastoral Neolithic sample Tanzania_Luxmanda_3100BP, a missing-link pastoralist population that almost certainly is responsible for having spread ancestry most closely related to the ancient Levant to southern Africa and which is also closely but not exclusively related to present-day Cushitic speakers[...] These results could be explained by migration into Africa from descendants of pre-pottery Levantine farmers or alternatively by a scenario in which both pre-pottery Levantine farmers and Tanzania_Luxmanda_3100BP descend from a common ancestral population that lived thousands of years earlier in Africa or the Near East. We fit the remaining approximately two-thirds of Tanzania_Luxmanda_3100BP as most closely related to the Ethiopia_4500BP (p = 0.029) or, allowing for three-way mixture, also from a source closely related to the Dinka (p = 0.18; the Levantine-related ancestry in this case was 39% ± 1%)
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|last1=(help) - ^ Skoglund; et al. (September 21, 2017). "Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure". Cell. 171: 59–71. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
the ∼1,200 BP sample from the western Cape that is found in a pastoralist context has a specific similarity in clustering analyses to present-day Khoe-Khoe-speaking pastoralist populations such as the Nama (Figure 1B), and like them it has affinity to three groups: Khoe-San, western Eurasians, and eastern Africans[...] the South_Africa_1200BP pastoralist individual from the western Cape is consistent with being a mixture of just two streams of ancestry relative to non-southern African populations, with 40.3% ± 2.3% ancestry related to the Tanzania_Luxmanda_3100BP individual (54% ± 7% when restricting analysis to sequences with postmortem damage) and the remainder being related to the South_Africa_2000BP hunter-gatherers (Table S5). This supports the hypothesis that the Savanna Pastoral Neolithic archaeological tradition in eastern Africa is a plausible source for the spread of herding to southern Africa.
{{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|last1=(help)