The Theory of Island Biogeography: Difference between revisions
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'''''The Theory of Island Biogeography''''' is a 1967 book by [[Robert MacArthur]] and [[Edward O. Wilson]].<ref name="MacArthur_2001">{{cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45202069|title=The theory of island biogeography | last = MacArthur | first = Robert H | name-list-format = vanc | date = 2001 | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-08836-5 | location = Princeton, N.J | oclc = 45202069 }}</ref> It is widely regarded as a seminal piece in [[island biogeography]] and [[ecology]]. The Princeton University Press reprinted the book in 2001 as a part of the "Princeton Landmarks in Biology" series.<ref name = "MacArthur_2001" /> The book popularized the [[Scientific theory|theory]] that insular biota maintain a dynamic equilibrium between immigration and extinction rates. The book also popularized the concepts and terminology of [[r/K selection theory]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pianka|first=Eric R. | name-list-format = vanc |date = November 1970| title = On r- and K-Selection |journal=The American Naturalist|volume=104|issue=940|pages=592–597|doi=10.1086/282697 }}</ref> |
'''''The Theory of Island Biogeography''''' is a 1967 book by [[Robert MacArthur]] and [[Edward O. Wilson]].<ref name="MacArthur_2001">{{cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45202069|title=The theory of island biogeography | last = MacArthur | first = Robert H |last2=Wilson|first2=Edward O. | name-list-format = vanc | date = 2001 | publisher = Princeton University Press | isbn = 978-0-691-08836-5 | location = Princeton, N.J | oclc = 45202069 }}</ref> It is widely regarded as a seminal piece in [[island biogeography]] and [[ecology]]. The Princeton University Press reprinted the book in 2001 as a part of the "Princeton Landmarks in Biology" series.<ref name = "MacArthur_2001" /> The book popularized the [[Scientific theory|theory]] that insular biota maintain a dynamic equilibrium between immigration and extinction rates. The book also popularized the concepts and terminology of [[r/K selection theory]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pianka|first=Eric R. | name-list-format = vanc |date = November 1970| title = On r- and K-Selection |journal=The American Naturalist|volume=104|issue=940|pages=592–597|doi=10.1086/282697 }}</ref> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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Revision as of 13:40, 27 July 2018
 Cover of the first edition | |
| Authors | Robert MacArthur Edward O. Wilson |
|---|---|
| Illustrator | John Kyrk |
| Language | English |
| Subject | Insular biogeography |
| Publisher | Princeton University Press |
Publication date | 1967 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover and Paperback) |
| Pages | 203 |
| ISBN | 0691088365 |
The Theory of Island Biogeography is a 1967 book by Robert MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson.[1] It is widely regarded as a seminal piece in island biogeography and ecology. The Princeton University Press reprinted the book in 2001 as a part of the "Princeton Landmarks in Biology" series.[1] The book popularized the theory that insular biota maintain a dynamic equilibrium between immigration and extinction rates. The book also popularized the concepts and terminology of r/K selection theory.[2]
Background
The Theory of Island Biogeography has its roots in Wilson's work on the ants of Melanesia. MacArthur synthesized Wilson's ideas about competition, colonization and equilibrium into a simple graphical representation of immigration and extinction curves, from which one can determine the equilibrial species number on an island.[3] MacArthur and Wilson's ideas were first presented in a paper published in 1963,[4] and were further developed into a book.[3]
Summary
Introduction
In the introductory chapter, MacArthur and Wilson highlight the significance of studying island biogeography. Since islands are less complex and more numerous than larger ecosystems, islands provide better opportunities to develop insights and perform replicable field research. Given that insular microcosms are common to all ecosystems, principles from island biogeography can be applied generally.
Area-diversity pattern
In Chapters 2 and 3, MacArthur and Wilson postulate that insular species richness depends on island size and isolation from source regions. The authors present an equilibrium model that is based on the following concept: when there is an addition of the number of species on an island, the island's immigration rate of new species will decrease while the extinction rate of resident species will increase. MacArthur and Wilson thus assume that there will be an equilibrial point where the immigration rate equals the extinction rate. They further hypothesize that an increase in island size will lower extinction curves while a decrease in distance between the island and the source region will raise immigration curves. Since the intersection of immigration and extinction rate curves determines the species number, the authors predict that larger islands will have more species than smaller islands (assuming these islands are comparably isolated) and isolated islands will have fewer species than islands more proximal to source regions (assuming these islands are equally large). There is additional discourse on how insular clusters and stepping stones affect this model.
Modeling colonization and dispersion
Chapter 4 discusses survivorship theory. The authors describe a model which states that the probability for successful colonization is dependent on birth rate, death rate, and carrying capacity of the environment. From this model, conclusions are made on the average survival time for a propagule's offspring, the average survival time of a saturated population, and characteristics of successful propagules.
In Chapter 5, MacArthur and Wilson examine why species can be excluded from insular environments and how the niche of a species changes after introduction. The authors surmise that pioneering species can be excluded for the following reasons: the island has saturated levels of pre-existing competition, the pioneering species cannot maintain a population large enough to avoid extinction, and the island hosts too many or too few natural predators. When a species colonizes a new area, the authors state that the species will either shift, expand or contract its realized niche.
Chapter 6 is a theoretical exploration of dispersal models. The authors consider how insular stepping stones affect the dispersion of species—particularly, the effects that size and isolation of stepping stones have on dispersion. Further consideration is given to how dispersal curves and average distance travelled by pioneers impacts this study.
In Chapter 7, the authors state that there are generally 3 consecutive phases to the evolution of populations after colonization. Initially, there is a trend for colonizers to evolve from r-strategists into K-strategists. The founder effect may also influence colonizing populations during this first phase. The second phase is marked by long term adaptations to the local environment. In this period, abilities for dispersal are commonly reduced, and colonizers will either differentiate or assimilate with competing species. In the third phase, the evolution of colonizing populations may result in speciation and/or adaptive radiation.
Field testing
The insular biota equilibrium theory was experimentally tested by E. O. Wilson and his then-graduate student Daniel Simberloff in six small mangrove islands in the Florida Keys. The islands were fumigated to clear the arthropod populations. Immigration of species onto the island was then observed in a first and second year census. Wilson and Simberloff confirmed that there was an inverse relationship between the number of species on an island and the distance to the source region as predicted in The Theory of Island Biogeography.[5]
Impact
Applications
MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography has been widely applied outside of island ecosystems. For microbiota, the theory has been applied to the distribution of ectomycorrihzal fungi on trees,[6] the distribution of bacteria in water-filled treeholes,[7] and the distribution of fungi among shrubs.[8] While for flora and fauna, the theory's predictions have been realized with the species richness of plants on mountains[9] and with the species richness of aquatic snails in bodies of water.[10] MacArthur and Wilson's work has been used as a basis in other ecological theories, notably the unified neutral theory of biodiversity,[11] and has been foundational for the fields of landscape ecology, invasion biology, and conservation biology.[3][1]
Criticism
Several studies have disputed the underlying assumptions in MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography: specifically, the interchangeability of species and islands, the independence between immigration and extinction, and the insignificance of non-equilibrial processes.[12] In the 2001 preface, Wilson stated that "the flaws of the book lie in its oversimplification and incompleteness".[1]
Legacy
In 2007, a symposium was held at Harvard University honoring the fortieth anniversary of The Theory of Island Biogeography.[3] Following this conference, a collection of papers was published in the book, The Theory of Island Biogeography Revisited.[3]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d MacArthur, Robert H; Wilson, Edward O. (2001). The theory of island biogeography. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08836-5. OCLC 45202069.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Pianka, Eric R. (November 1970). "On r- and K-Selection". The American Naturalist. 104 (940): 592–597. doi:10.1086/282697.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e Wilson, Edward O. (2010). "Island Biogeography in the 1960s". In Losos, Jonathan B.; Ricklefs, Robert E. (eds.). The Theory of Island Biogeography Revisited. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–12. ISBN 9780691136530. JSTOR j.ctt7s5m6.6.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ MacArthur, Robert H.; Wilson, Edward O. (1963-12-01). "An Equilibrium Theory of Insular Zoogeography". Evolution. 17 (4): 373–387. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1963.tb03295.x.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Simberloff DS, Wilson EO (1970). "Experimental zoogeography of islands. A two‐year record of colonization". Ecology. 51 (5): 934–937.
- ^ Glassman, Sydney I.; Lubetkin, Kaitlin C.; Chung, Judy A.; Bruns, Thomas D. (February 2017). "The theory of island biogeography applies to ectomycorrhizal fungi in subalpine tree "islands" at a fine scale". Ecosphere. 8 (2): e01677. doi:10.1002/ecs2.1677.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Bell T, Ager D, Song JI, Newman JA, Thompson IP, Lilley AK, van der Gast CJ (June 2005). "Larger islands house more bacterial taxa". Science. 308 (5730): 1884. doi:10.1126/science.1111318. PMID 15976296.
- ^ Belisle M, Peay KG, Fukami T (May 2012). "Flowers as islands: spatial distribution of nectar-inhabiting microfungi among plants of Mimulus aurantiacus, a hummingbird-pollinated shrub". Microbial Ecology. 63 (4): 711–8. doi:10.1007/s00248-011-9975-8. PMC 4108428. PMID 22080257.
- ^ Riebesell, John F. (May 1982). "Arctic-Alpine Plants on Mountaintops: Agreement with Island Biogeography Theory". The American Naturalist. 119 (5): 657–674. doi:10.1086/283941.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Lassen HH (March 1975). "The diversity of freshwater snails in view of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography". Oecologia. 19 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/bf00377585. PMID 28308826.
- ^ Hubbell, Stephen P. (2001). The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400837526. OCLC 733057107.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help) - ^ Brown, James H.; Lomolino, Mark V. (January 2000). "Concluding remarks: historical perspective and the future of island biogeography theory". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 9 (1): 87–92. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00186.x. ISSN 1466-822X.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help)