Antebellum Puzzle

The Antebellum Puzzle refers to the finding, first reported in 1979, that the height of the male US population, although the tallest in the world, declined during the decades preceding the Civil War.The finding was corroborated on the basis of the height of West Point Cadets in 1987.The reason was that the nutritional intake of the U.S. population declined at the onset of modern economic growth due to the fact that productivity in agriculture lagged far behind the productivity in industry bringing about an absolute and relative increase in the price of food.

Fogel and co-authors reflect the consensus view by concluding, that “the estimates… indicate a considerable decline in diet after 1840; the 1840 level was not recovered until 1870. A large decline in per capita production of wheat, rye, pork, and beef accounts for this big deficit in American dietary history. The lack of nutrients was demonstrated by the soaring prices of those foodstuffs, another downside indicator of food consumption.” Adding that “…the increase in agricultural productivity did not keep up with the rapid growth of the population and its food demands.” And “…food output did not keep pace with the demands of the urban-industrial sectors whose population increased approximately ten times during the first half of the nineteenth century…. Per capita crop consumption may have declined throughout the antebellum period. Excess demand had increased grain prices by 1860, and the change in food availability contributed to the decline in the population’s nutritional status in the first half of the nineteenth century.”