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the truth is out there.... this word has 2 definitions. Are you denying the existence of a roma clan by this name? are you a racist grier?
Greier (talk | contribs)
2,160 edits
Khoi, don't be a jackass. Rv. as per WP:IGNORE
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'''Lăutari''' are [[traditional music|traditional musician]]s performing traditional [[Music of Romania|Romanian music]]. Lăutari generally live in the countryside and are, to some degree, peasants. Most lăutari are, due to historical factors, [[Roma people]]. As performers, they are usually loosely organized into a group known as a ''taraf'', which often consists largely of the males of an extended family. (There are female ''lăutari'', mostly vocalists, but they are far outnumbered by the men.) Each ''taraf'' is led by a ''primaş'', a primary soloist.
{{expert}}


The name lăutar comes from the Romanian word "lăută", meaning [[lute]]. Other terms used to designate traditional musicians in Romania are ''scripcar'', ''plopar'' or ''cobzar''.
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'''Lăutari''' is both a generic romanian word for musician and a professional clan of Roma musicians probably stemming from other historical Roma clans present in Romania, such as the [[ursari]], [[lovari]] and [[kalderash]]. Names of Roma clans in Romania are usually Romanian occupational names: Căldărar (bucket-maker, căldare=bucket; -aş replaces -ar regionally), Lingurar (spoon-makers, lingură=spoon), Florar (flower sellers, floare=flower) etc. As performers, they are usually loosely organized into a group known as a [[taraf]], which often consists largely of the males of an extended family. (There are female ''lăutari'', mostly vocalists, but they are far outnumbered by the men.) Each ''taraf'' is led by a ''primaş'', a primary soloist.


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The music of the lăutari establishes the structure of the elaborate Romanian peasant [[wedding]]s, as well as providing entertainment (not only music, but [[magic trick]]s, stories, bear training, etc.) during the less eventful parts of the ritual. The ''lăutari'' also function as guides through the wedding rituals and moderate any conflicts that may arise during what can be a long, alcohol-fueled party. Over a period of nearly 48 hours, this can be very physically strenuous.
==Origins of the lautari==


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Following custom almost certainly dating back at least to the [[Middle Ages]], most ''lăutari'' rapidly spend the fees from these wedding ceremonies on extended [[banquet]]s for their friends and families over the days immediately following the wedding.
we should make a difference between the generic [Romanian] term "Lăutar" and the Roma clan. "Lăutar", according to the DEx ("Dictionarul Explicativ al limbii romane", the most authoritative source on the Romanian language), is formed from "lăută" (meaning lute) and the suffix "-ar", very common in forming occupational names (e.g. morar=miller, from moară=mill + ar). Generally speaking, the -ar suffix originates in the Latin -arius, and expresses a relationship, mainly occupational: last definition (translation: "referring to...", "one who exercises a profession", "one who is qualified".


Since the early nineteenth century, and especially in the days before sound recording, ''lăutari'' kept alive various genres of [[Romanian music]] that might otherwise have been lost.
According to Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]],"the popular Romani word for musician, Lautar (plural Lautari), may either be the Persian Lútí [which he footnotes as 'Literally, a descendant from [[Lot (Bible)|Lot]]; popularly, a loose fellow, a cad.'], or more probably a deformed offspring of the Arabic [[oud|El ’Aúd]], which gave rise to our '[[lute]].' Our critic [M. Paul Bataillard] holds that the Gypsy’s music, like his tales and poetry, is his own; whilst the matter of the songs and ballads is borrowed from Hungarians, Rumans [Romanians], and even the unimaginative Turk: he also points out that many of the legends are cosmopolitan."<ref>Burton 1898, p. 176.</ref>


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Instruments often played by ''lăutari'' were, or are:
During the centuries of Ottoman rule in Romania, Roma musicians where often employed to provide entertainment in the courts of the Turkish rulers. After the Turks left Romania, most of these musicians settled in the rural areas where they sought new employment at weddings, funerals, and other traditional romanian celebrations. Since the early nineteenth century, and especially in the days before sound recording, Roma musicians kept alive various genres of [[Romanian music]] and Jewish [[klezmer]] music that might otherwise have been lost.

==Music of the lautari==

⚫
The music of the lăutari establishes the structure of the elaborate Romanian peasant [[wedding]]s, as well as providing entertainment (not only music, but [[magic trick]]s, stories, bear training, etc.) during the less eventful parts of the ritual. The ''lăutari'' also function as guides through the wedding rituals and moderate any conflicts that may arise during what can be a long, alcohol-fueled party. Over a period of nearly 48 hours, this can be very physically strenuous. During celebrations they play popular dances such as [[hora]], [[sirba]], [[geampara]], [[briu]]. Other dances include [[Rustem]], [[calus]], [[breaza]], [[ardeleana]], [[cadanesca]].

⚫
Following custom almost certainly dating back at least to the [[Middle Ages]], most ''lăutari'' rapidly spend the fees from these wedding ceremonies on extended [[banquet]]s for their friends and families over the days immediately following the wedding.

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==Instruments often played by ''lăutari''==

*[[panflute]] (called "nai" in Romanian)
*[[recorder]] ("fluier")
*[[cimpoi]]
*[[caval]]
*[[violin]]
*[[violin]]
*[[Stroh violin]]
*[[Stroh violin]]
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*[[cobza]] (A [[lute]]/[[ud]]-like instrument)
*[[cobza]] (A [[lute]]/[[ud]]-like instrument)
*[[taragot]], or later the [[clarinet]]
*[[taragot]], or later the [[clarinet]]
*[[ţambal]]
*[[tambal]]
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*[[brass instrument]]s
and a little later in history,
and a little later in history,
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*[[brass instrument]]s (an Austrian influence)
*the [[accordion]]
*the [[accordion]]


They also use other traditional Romanian instruments and pseudo-instruments. Some examples of pseudo-instruments used in Romania are leaves from pear or other kind of trees, birch bark and fish scales. [[Ion Laceanu]] can be heard playing a scale of a carp on [[Marcel Cellier]]'s ''Les Flûtes Roumaines''
They also use other traditional Romanian instruments and pseudo-intruments.

==List of well known Musicians/Bands that play lăutari music==

*[[Marcel Budala]]
*[[Faramita Lambru]]
*[[Ion Dragoi]]
*[[Ion Albesteanu]]
*[[Ion Laceanu]]
*[[Toni Iordache]]
*[[Taraf de Haidouks]]
*[[Florea Cioaca]]
*[[Gheorghe Zamfir]] (though he also performs a lot of other music)
*[[Romica Puceanu]]
*[[Lautarii]]
*[[George Udila]]
*[[Fănică Luca]]
*[[Efta Botoca]]
*[[Petrică Paşca]]
*[[Vasile Pandelescu]]
*[[Ion Petre Stoican]]
*[[Ilie Udilă]]

==Notes==
<references/>


==References==
==References==
* Speranţa Rădulescu and Adrian Solomon's liner notes for the album "Outlaws of Yore" by [[Taraful Haiducilor]].
* Speranţa Rădulescu and Adrian Solomon's liner notes for the album "Outlaws of Yore" by [[Taraful Haiducilor]].
* Sir [[Richard Francis Burton|Richard F. Burton]], "[http://www.jrbooksonline.com/HTML-docs/JG&EI_The_Gypsy_3.htm A review of M. Paul Bataillard's Reviews]" in ''The Gypsy'', collected in ''The Jew, the Gypsy and El Islam'', Herbert S. Stone & Co. (Chicago and New York, 1898). [http://www.jrbooksonline.com/jgei.htm Available on line], on the [[white nationalism|white nationalist]] web site JRBooksOnline.


==See also==
==See also==
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*[http://www.losttrails.com/pages/Music/Naipu.html Lăutarii Cum Mai Cântă!] - music of Lautari (on commercial site Lost Trails)
*[http://www.losttrails.com/pages/Music/Naipu.html Lăutarii Cum Mai Cântă!] - music of Lautari (on commercial site Lost Trails)
*[http://www.lautari.ro/ A blog about old and new lăutari]- opinions and reviews
*[http://www.lautari.ro A blog about old and new lăutari]-opinions and reviews

{{Romanian Roma topics}}


[[fr:Lautari]]
[[fr:Lautari]]

Revision as of 21:57, 29 November 2006

Lăutari are traditional musicians performing traditional Romanian music. Lăutari generally live in the countryside and are, to some degree, peasants. Most lăutari are, due to historical factors, Roma people. As performers, they are usually loosely organized into a group known as a taraf, which often consists largely of the males of an extended family. (There are female lăutari, mostly vocalists, but they are far outnumbered by the men.) Each taraf is led by a primaş, a primary soloist.

The name lăutar comes from the Romanian word "lăută", meaning lute. Other terms used to designate traditional musicians in Romania are scripcar, plopar or cobzar.

The music of the lăutari establishes the structure of the elaborate Romanian peasant weddings, as well as providing entertainment (not only music, but magic tricks, stories, bear training, etc.) during the less eventful parts of the ritual. The lăutari also function as guides through the wedding rituals and moderate any conflicts that may arise during what can be a long, alcohol-fueled party. Over a period of nearly 48 hours, this can be very physically strenuous.

Following custom almost certainly dating back at least to the Middle Ages, most lăutari rapidly spend the fees from these wedding ceremonies on extended banquets for their friends and families over the days immediately following the wedding.

Since the early nineteenth century, and especially in the days before sound recording, lăutari kept alive various genres of Romanian music that might otherwise have been lost.

Instruments often played by lăutari were, or are:

and a little later in history,

They also use other traditional Romanian instruments and pseudo-intruments.

References

  • Speranţa Rădulescu and Adrian Solomon's liner notes for the album "Outlaws of Yore" by Taraful Haiducilor.

See also

  • An interview in English with Speranţa Rădulescu, the ethnomusicologist who "discovered" many famous contemporary lăutari: - Part 1 and Part 2
  • A British review of The Alan Lomax Collection; World Library of Folk and Primitive Music. Vol XVII, dedicated to Romanian Gypsy music
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