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{{For|the 1960s rock band|Mount Rushmore (band)}} |
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[[Image:Mountrushmore.jpg|thumb|250px|(left to right) Sculptures of [[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], and [[Abraham Lincoln]] represent the first 150 years of American history.]] |
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{{Infobox_protected_area | name = Mount Rushmore National Memorial |
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| iucn_category = V |
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| image = US_Locator_Blank.svg |
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| caption = |
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| locator_x = 111 |
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| locator_y = 50 |
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| location = [[South Dakota]], [[United States|USA]] |
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| nearest_city = [[Keystone, South Dakota|Keystone, SD]] |
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| lat_degrees = 43 |
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| lat_minutes = 52 |
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| lat_seconds = 44.21 |
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| lat_direction = N |
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| long_degrees = 103 |
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| long_minutes = 27 |
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| long_seconds =35.37 |
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| long_direction = W |
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| area = 1,278.45 acres (5.17 km²) |
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| established = [[March 3]] [[1925]] |
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| visitation_num = 2,037,861 |
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| visitation_year = 2005 |
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| governing_body = [[National Park Service]] |
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}} |
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[[Image:MtRushmore sculpting.jpg|thumb|250px|The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of [[dynamite]], followed by the process of "honeycombing".]] |
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'''Mount Rushmore National Memorial''', near [[Keystone, South Dakota|Keystone]], [[South Dakota]], is a [[United States Presidential Memorial]] that represents the first 150 years of the [[History of the United States|history]] of the [[United States|United States of America]] with 60-foot (18 m) [[sculpture]]s of the heads of former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]]s [[George Washington]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]], and [[Abraham Lincoln]].<ref>[http://www.mountrushmoreinfo.com/ Mount Rushmore National Memorial]. [[December 6]] [[2005]].60 SD Web Traveler, Inc. URL accessed on [[April 7]] [[2006]].</ref> The entire memorial covers 1,278 acres (5.17 km²),<ref>McGeveran, William A. Jr. ''et al'' (2004). ''The Word Almanac and Book of Facts 2004''. New York: World Almanac Education Group, Inc. ISBN 0-88687-910-8.</ref> and is 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level.<ref name=peakbagger>[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=6234 Mount Rushmore, South Dakota] ([[November 1]] [[2004]]). Peakbagger.com. URL accessed on [[March 13]] [[2006]].</ref> It is managed by the [[National Park Service]], a bureau of the [[United States Department of the Interior]]. The memorial attracts approximately 2 million people annually.<ref name=NPSfacts>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/faqs.htm Mount Rushmore facts], National Park Service.</ref> |
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Known to the [[Lakota]] [[Sioux]], on whose land the monument was built, as '''Six Grandfathers''', the mountain was renamed after [[Charles E. Rushmore]], a prominent [[New York]] lawyer, during an expedition in 1885.<ref>Belanger, Ian A. ''et al''. [http://t3.preservice.org/T0211461/history/ Mt. Rushmore- presidents on the rocks]. URL accessed on [[March 13]] [[2006]].</ref> At first, the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the [[Black Hills]] region of South Dakota. After long negotiations involving a [[United States Congress|Congressional]] delegation and President [[Calvin Coolidge]], the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in [[1927]] and ended in [[1941]] with a few injuries and no deaths.<ref name=NPSfacts/> |
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==History== |
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The [[Geology of the United States of America|geological]] formation of Mount Rushmore was known to the [[Lakota]] as '''Six Grandfathers'''; it was part of the route that Lakota leader [[Black Elk]] took in a spiritual journey that culminated at [[Harney Peak]]. Following a series of [[Indian Wars#Plains|military campaigns]] in 1876-77, the United States asserted territorial control over the area, a claim that is still disputed on the basis of the 1868 [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)|Treaty of Fort Laramie]] (see ''Controversy'' below). Among white American settlers, the peak was known variously as '''Cougar Mountain''', '''Sugarloaf Mountain''', '''Slaughterhouse Mountain''', and '''Keystone Cliffs'''. It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Rushmore, David Swanzey and Bill Challis.<ref name=KAHS>Keystone Area Historical Society [http://www.keystonechamber.com/kahs/characters.html Keystone Characters] (accessed [[October 3]] [[2006]]).</ref> |
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Historian [[Doane Robinson]] conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote [[Tourism in the United States|tourism]] in South Dakota. In 1924, Robinson persuaded sculptor [[Gutzon Borglum]] to travel to the Black Hills region to ensure that the carving could be accomplished. Borglum, a member of the [[Ku Klux Klan]]<ref>Albert Boime, "Patriarchy Fixed in Stone: Gutzon Borglum's 'Mount Rushmore'," ''American Art'', Vol. 5, No. 1/2. (Winter - Spring, 1991), p. 165.</ref>, was then involved in sculpting a massive [[bas-relief]] memorial to [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] leaders on [[Stone Mountain]] in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref name=KAHS>Keystone Area Historical Society [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rushmore/peopleevents/e_stonemtn.html The Carving of Stone Mountain], ''[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rushmore/index.html American Experience: Mount Rushmore]'', PBS (accessed [[October 3]] [[2006]]).</ref> The original plan was to perform the carvings in [[granite]] pillars known as the [[Needles (Black Hills)|Needles]]. However, Borglum realized that that plan was impossible because the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting. He chose Mount Rushmore, a grander spot, partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to the sun. Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, ''"America will march along that skyline."''<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/park_history/carving_hist/carving_history.htm Carving History] ([[October 2]] [[2004]]). National Park Service.</ref> [[United States Congress|Congress]] authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on [[March 3]] [[1925]].<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/park_history/carving_hist/carving_history.htm Carving History] ([[October 2]] [[2004]]). [[National Park Service]].</ref> President Coolidge insisted that along with Washington, two Republicans and one Democrat be portrayed.<ref name=Fite>Fite, Gilbert C. ''Mount Rushmore'' (May 2003). ISBN 0-9646798-5-X, the standard scholarly study.</ref> |
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The image of Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found unsuitable, so this figure was moved to Washington's left. |
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Between [[October 4]] [[1927]] and [[October 31]] [[1941]], Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers sculpted the 60-foot (18-m) colossal carvings of [[President of the United States|Presidents]] George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 150 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/park_history/carving_hist/carving_history.htm Carving History] ([[October 2]] [[2004]]). National Park Service.</ref><ref name=Boime>Albert Boime, "Patriarchy Fixed in Stone: Gutzon Borglum's 'Mount Rushmore'," ''American Art'', Vol. 5, No. 1/2. (Winter - Spring, 1991), pp. 142-67.</ref> |
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In 1933, the National Park Service took Mount Rushmore under its jurisdiction. Engineer [[Julian Spotts]] helped with the project by improving its infrastructure. For example, he had the tram upgraded so that it could reach the top of Mount Rushmore for the ease of workers. By [[July 4]] [[1934]], Washington's face had been completed and was dedicated. The face of Thomas Jefferson was dedicated in [[1936]], and the face of Abraham Lincoln was dedicated on [[September 17]] [[1937]]. In 1937, a bill was introduced in Congress to add the head of civil-rights leader [[Susan B. Anthony]], but a [[rider (legislation)|rider]] was passed on an appropriations bill requiring that federal funds be used to finish only those heads that had already been started at that time.<ref name=timeline>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rushmore/timeline/timeline2.html American Experience] "Timeline: Mount Rushmore" (2002). URL accessed on [[March 20]] [[2006]].</ref> In [[1939]], the face of Theodore Roosevelt was dedicated. |
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[[Image:Mountrushmorephoto.jpg|375px|thumb|left|A model at the site depicting Mount Rushmore's intended final design]] |
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The Sculptor's Studio—a display of unique plaster models and tools related to the sculpting—was built in 1939 under the direction of Borglum. Borglum died from an [[embolism]] in March 1941. His son, [[Lincoln Borglum]], continued the project, but insufficient funding forced the carving to end.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/park_history/carving_hist/carving_history.htm Carving History] ([[October 2]] [[2004]]). National Park Service.</ref> Originally, it was planned that the figures would be carved from head to waist.<ref>[http://www.engineeringsights.org/SightDetail.asp?Sightid=526&id=SD&view=s&name=South+Dakota&page=1&image=0 Mount Rushmore National Memorial].</ref> Borglum had also planned a massive panel in the shape of the [[Louisiana Purchase]] commemorating in eight-foot-tall gilded letters the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]], Louisiana Purchase, and seven other territorial acquisitions from [[Alaska purchase|Alaska]] to [[Texas Annexation|Texas]] to the [[Panama Canal Zone]].<ref name=Boime>Albert Boime, "Patriarchy Fixed in Stone: Gutzon Borglum's 'Mount Rushmore'," ''American Art'', Vol. 5, No. 1/2. (Winter - Spring, 1991), pp. 142-67.</ref> |
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The entire project cost [[United States dollar|$]]989,992.32.<ref name=SDTourism>[http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/students/Ahmann/rushmore.html Mount Rushmore National Memorial]. Tourism in South Dakota. Laura R. Ahmann. URL accessed on [[March 19]] [[2006]].</ref> Notably for a project of such size, no workers died during the carving.<ref>[http://www.outdoorplaces.com/Destination/USNP/sdmtrsh/index.htm Mount Rushmore National Memorial]. Outdoorplaces.com. URL accessed on [[June 7]] [[2006]].</ref><!--this information belongs in the lead; creates too stubby a para in the body--> |
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On [[October 15]] [[1966]], Mount Rushmore was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. An essay from [[Nebraska]] student William Andrew Burkett, selected as the winner for the college-age group in 1934, was placed on the Entablature on a bronze plate in 1973.<ref name=timeline>See above</ref> In [[1991]], President [[George H. W. Bush|George Bush]] officially dedicated Mount Rushmore. |
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Ten years of redevelopment work culminated with the completion of extensive visitor facilities and sidewalks in 1998, such as a Visitor Center, Museum, and the Presidential Trail. Maintenance of the memorial often requires mountain climbing to clean the memorial and remove [[lichen]]s. On [[July 8]] [[2005]], [[Kärcher]] GmbH, a German manufacturer of cleaning machines, conducted a cleanup operation of the faces by pressure washing for free; the washing used pressurized water at 200 [[Fahrenheit|°F]] (93[[Celsius|°C]]).<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/07/30/rushmore.cleaning.ap/index.html Mount Rushmore faces finally washed] ([[July 30]] [[2005]]). CNN. URL accessed on [[March 20]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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==Controversy== |
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[[Image:Air Force One over Mt. Rushmore.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Air Force One]] flying over Mt. Rushmore]] |
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Mount Rushmore is controversial among [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]s because the United States seized the area from the [[Lakota]] tribe after the [[Black Hills War]] in 1876–77. The [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)|Treaty of Fort Laramie]] from 1868 had previously granted the Black Hills to the Lakota in perpetuity. The Lakota consider the hills to be sacred, although historians believe the Lakota also gained control of the hills by force, displacing the [[Cheyenne]] in [[1776]]. Members of the [[American Indian Movement]] led an [[occupation (protest)|occupation]] of the monument in 1971, naming it "Mount Crazy Horse." Among the participants were young activists, grandparents, children and Lakota holy man John Fire [[Lame Deer]], who planted a prayer staff atop the mountain. Lame Deer said the staff formed a symbolic shroud over the presidents' faces "which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled."<ref name=Glass>Matthew Glass, "Producing Patriotic Inspiration at Mount Rushmore," ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'', Vol. 62, No. 2. (Summer, 1994), pp. 265-283.</ref> |
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The Monument remains controversial among Native Americans, even after the appointment of Gerard Baker, the first Native American superintendent of the park, in 2004.<ref name=Native>[http://www.indiancountry.com/content.cfm?id=1096409995 First American Indian heads shrine to democracy], Indian Country Today. Accessed on [[April 3]] [[2006]] </ref> The [[Crazy Horse Memorial]] is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate a famous Native American leader and as a response to Mount Rushmore. It is intended to be larger than Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs; the Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of [[U.S. Government|federal]] funds. |
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==Ecology== |
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The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of South Dakota. Birds including the [[Turkey Vulture|turkey vulture]], [[Bald Eagle|bald eagle]], [[hawk]], and [[meadowlark]] fly around Mount Rushmore, occasionally making [[Nest|nesting spots]] in the ledges of the mountain. Smaller birds, including songbirds, [[nuthatch]]es, and [[woodpecker]]s, inhabit the surrounding pine forests. Terrestrial mammals include the [[mouse]], [[chipmunk]], [[squirrel]], [[skunk]], [[porcupine]], [[raccoon]], [[beaver]], [[badger]], [[coyote]], [[Bighorn Sheep|bighorn sheep]] and [[bobcat]]. In addition, several species of [[frog]]s and [[snake]]s inhabit the region. The two brooks in the memorial, the Grizzly Bear and Starling Basin brooks, support fish such as the [[Dace|longnose dace]] and the [[brook trout]].<ref name=animal>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/pphtml/animals.html Nature & Science- Animals] National Park Service. URL accessed on [[April 1]] [[2006]].</ref> Some endemic animals are not indigenous to the area; the [[mountain goat]]s are descended from goats which were a gift from [[Canada]] to [[Custer State Park]] in 1924 but later escaped.<ref name=FloraFauna>[http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/ru/flora/index.html Mount Rushmore- Flora and Fauna]. American Park Network. URL accessed on [[March 16]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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At lower elevations, [[pinophyta|coniferous]] trees, mainly the [[Ponderosa Pine|Ponderosa pine]], surround most of the monument, providing shade from the sun. Other trees include the [[bur oak]], the [[Spruce|Black Hills spruce]], and the [[cottonwood]]. Nine species of shrubs live near Mount Rushmore. There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the [[Antirrhinum|snapdragon]], [[sunflower]], and [[Violet (plant)|violet]]. Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser.<ref name=FloraFauna>[http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/ru/flora/index.html Mount Rushmore- Flora and Fauna]. [[American Park Network]]. URL accessed on [[March 16]] [[2006]].</ref> However, only approximately 5% of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/pphtml/plants.html Nature & Science- Mount Rushmore]. National Park Service. URL accessed on [[March 13]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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Though the area receives about 18 inches (460 mm) of precipitation on average per year, alone it is not enough to support the abundant animal and plant life. Trees and other plants help to control [[surface runoff]]. Dikes, seeps, and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals. In addition, stones like [[sandstone]] and [[limestone]] help to hold [[groundwater]], creating [[aquifer]]s.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/pphtml/subnaturalfeatures25.html Nature & Science- Groundwater]. National Park Service. URL accessed on [[April 1]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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[[Forest fire]]s occur in the Ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years. This was determined from fire scars in tree core samples. These help to clean forest debris located on the ground. Large conflagrations are rare, but have occurred in the past.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/pphtml/subnaturalfeatures32.html Nature & Science- Forests]. National Park Service. URL accessed on [[April 1]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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==Geology== |
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[[Image:Mt_rushmore_07_27_2005.jpg|thumb|right|Mt. Rushmore, showing full size of mountain and the scree of debris from construction]] |
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Mount Rushmore is largely composed of [[granite]]. The memorial is carved on the northeast margin of the [[Harney Peak]] granite [[batholith]] in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore. The batholith [[magma]] intruded into the pre-existing [[mica]] [[schist]] rocks during the [[Precambrian]] period about 1.6 billion years ago.<ref name=NPSgeology>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/pphtml/subenvironmentalfactors13.html Geologic Activity]. National Park Service.</ref> However, the uneven cooling of the molten rock caused the formation of both fine and coarse-grained minerals, including [[quartz]], [[feldspar]], [[muscovite]], and [[biotite]]. Fractures in the granite were sealed by [[pegmatite]] [[dike (geology)|dikes]]. The light-colored streaks in the presidents' foreheads are due to these dikes. |
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The Black Hills granites were exposed to [[erosion]] during the late Precambrian, but were buried by [[sandstone]]s and other sediments during the [[Cambrian]] Period. The area remained buried throughout the [[Paleozoic]] Era, but was exposed again to erosion during the [[Plate tectonics|tectonic]] uplift about 70 million years ago.<ref name=NPSgeology>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/pphtml/subenvironmentalfactors13.html Geologic Activity]. National Park Service.</ref> The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome which towered some 20,000 feet (6 km) above sea level, but erosion wore the area down to only 4,000 feet (1.2 km).<ref>Irvin, James R. [http://www.holoscenes.com/gallery5.html Great Plains Gallery] (2001). URL accessed on [[March 16]] [[2006]].</ref> The subsequent natural erosion of this mountain range allowed the carvings by stripping the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schists. The contact between the granite and darker schist is viewable just below the sculpture of Washington. |
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Borglum selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons. The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite. The durable granite erodes only 1 inch (2.5 cm) every 10,000 years, indicating that it was sturdy enough to support sculpting.<ref name=NPS>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/park_history/carving_hist/carving_history.htm Carving History] ([[October 2]] [[2004]]). National Park Service.</ref> In addition, it was the tallest mountain in the region, looming to a height of 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level.<ref name=peakbagger>[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=6234 Mount Rushmore, South Dakota] ([[November 1]] [[2004]]). Peakbagger.com. URL accessed on [[March 13]] [[2006]].</ref> Because the mountain faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day. |
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==Tourism== |
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[[Image:MtRushmoreEnter.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The entrance to the site]] |
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Tourism is South Dakota's second-largest industry, with Mount Rushmore being its number one tourist attraction. In 2004, over 2 million visitors traveled to the memorial.<ref name=NPSfacts>[http://www.nps.gov/moru/pphtml/facts.html Mount Rushmore facts], National Park Service.</ref> The Site is also home to the final concerts of [[Rushmore Music Camp]] and attracts many visitors over the week of the [[Sturgis Motorcycle Rally]] |
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The Lincoln Borglum Museum is located in the memorial. It features two 125-seat theaters that show a 13-minute movie about Mount Rushmore. One of the best viewpoints is located at Grandview Terrace, above the Museum. The Presidential Trail, a walking trail and boardwalk, starts at Grandview Terrace and winds through the [[Ponderosa Pine|Ponderosa pine]] forests to the Sculptor's Studio, providing close-up views of the memorial. The Sculptor's studio was built by [[Gutzon Borglum]], and features discussion about the construction of the monument as well as the tools used. The amphitheater also has a 30-minute program at dusk that describes the construction of the memorial. Following that, the mountain is illuminated for two hours.<ref>[http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/content.asp?catid=69&contenttypeid=16 Park Overview] American Park Network. URL accessed on [[April 1]] [[2006]].</ref> |
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==Appearances in popular culture== |
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[[Image:South Dakota quarter, reverse side, 2006.jpg|thumb|Mount Rushmore as depicted on the South Dakota [[50 State Quarters|state quarter]]]] |
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<!---BEFORE adding to this section, please read "Appearances section" on the article discussion page. Your contribution may be removed if it doesn't link to an article or photo that mentions Mount Rushmore, among other criteria.--> |
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Because Mount Rushmore has large carved faces, its appearances in the media often include a replacement of one or more of the four presidents' faces with other people or characters. |
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*In ''[[Superman II]]'', General Zod and his criminal partners use their superpowers to replace three of the carvings with their own faces and wipe out the fourth. |
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*The cover of [[Deep Purple]]'s album ''[[Deep Purple in Rock|In Rock]]'' is inspired by Mount Rushmore: it depicts the five members' faces instead of the four presidents. |
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*The cover of the February [[1957]] issue of ''[[MAD Magazine]]'', [http://www.collectmad.com/madcoversite/mad031printid.html Issue #31], depicts Mount Rushmore, but adds a fifth face: that of [[Alfred E. Neuman]]. |
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*In the ''[[Judge Dredd]]'' story ''[[The Cursed Earth]]'', the face of US President [[Jimmy Carter]] was added along with his trademark grinning smile. |
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Because the mountain is an important historical [[landmark]], it is often used as a base for various action-themed movies and books. Mount Rushmore is featured in ''[[Team America: World Police]]'' as the Team America headquarters, where it was destroyed by [[Michael Moore]]'s suicide bomb. |
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The memorial was famously used as the location of the climactic chase scene in [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s [[film|movie]] ''[[North by Northwest]]'', which incorrectly depicted a forested plateau atop the monument. However, the scene was not actually filmed at the monument, since permission to shoot an attempted killing on the face of a national monument was refused by the Park Service. Closeups were shot on a set. |
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In the ''[[Family Guy]]'' episode "[[North by North Quahog]]", Peter and Lois are chased down the monument by [[Mel Gibson]] after stealing a copy of his new movie, ''Passion of the Christ 2: Crucify This'' in a spoof of the chase scene from ''North by Northwest''. Peter refers to one of the faces as "President Rushmore." |
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Beginning in [[1975]], Mount Rushmore has been referenced, featured and spoofed by [[the Muppets]] on [[wikiasite:muppet:Mount Rushmore|over half a dozen separate occasions]]. |
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There is a replica of Mount Rushmore, made entirely of [[Lego]] bricks, at the ''Legoredo Town'' section of the [[Legoland]] theme park in [[Denmark]] [http://www.legoland.dk/LEGOLAND/rides/LEGOREDOTown.htm?lc=en&view=ShowAll]. |
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<!---BEFORE adding to this section, please read "Appearances section" on the article discussion page. Your contribution may be removed if it doesn't link to an article or photo that mentions Mount Rushmore, among other criteria.--> |
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==See also== |
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*[[Crazy Horse Memorial]], a nearby mountain carving of a Native American leader. |
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==Notes and references== |
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<div class="references-small"> |
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<references/> |
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</div> |
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==Further reading== |
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*''The National Parks: Index 2001-2003''. Washington: [[United States Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of the Interior]]. |
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*Taliaferro, John. Great White Fathers : The Story of the Obsessive Quest to Create Mount Rushmore. New York : PublicAffairs, c2002. Puts the creation of the monument into a historical and cultural context. |
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==External links== |
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{{commonscat|Mount Rushmore National Memorial}} |
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*[http://www.nps.gov/moru Official Site] |
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*[http://www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/ru/history/carve.html The Making of Mount Rushmore] |
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*[http://www.nps.gov/moru/travel_info/weather_hist.htm Climate] |
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*[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB115290739146207240.html?mod=todays_us_pursuits A Monumental Achievement] |
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*[http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=43.878096,-103.458273&spn=0.009205,0.014119&t=k&hl=en Google Map Link] |
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*Matthew Buckingham, [http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/7/sixgrandfathers.php The Six Grandfathers, Paha Sapa, in the Year 502,002 C.E.] |
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{{Registered Historic Places}} |
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[[Category:National Memorials of the United States]] |
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[[Category:Registered Historic Places in South Dakota]] |
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[[Category:Mountain monuments and memorials]] |
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[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Rock formations in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Buildings and monuments honoring American Presidents]] |
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[[Category:George Washington]] |
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[[Category:Thomas Jefferson]] |
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[[Category:Theodore Roosevelt]] |
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[[Category:Abraham Lincoln]] |
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[[Category:1941 works]] |
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{{featured article}} |
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Revision as of 23:10, 6 December 2006
NOOBHUNTER WUZ HERE!!!!!11111!!!11!