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Firefighting in ancient Rome

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During the Roman Republic there were watchmen that served as firefighters. They used water buckets to put out fires and axes to tear down buildings near the fire in order to prevent the fire from spreading. The aediles and trevisiri nocturni also fought fires. The trevisiri nocturni were a group of slaves. Marcus Licinius Crassus formed his own private fire brigade. His brigade was made up of slaves. They would arrive at a burning house, then they would agree to put out the fire in exchange for buying the persons home. Afterwards Crassus would sell the house back to the owner. Roman Emperor Augustus created the Vigiles. The Vigiles were an organization of freedman that fought fires. They would use buckets and water pumps. Emperor Nero also created bucket brigades to help fight fires.

Organization and History

Most ancient Roman cities had no firefighting organizations or equipment dedicated to fighting fires.[1] There were early groups of watchmen who used water buckets to put out fires.[2] During the Roman Republic there were several organizations dedicated to firefighting. These were the trevisiri nocturni, and the aediles. The trevisiri nocturni had a small group of slaves which would fight fires. Marcus Licinius Crassus would form a fire brigade made up of slaves. Other wealthy individuals would form their own personal fire brigades. An aedile by the name of Egnatius Rufus created a band of slaves that were tasked with putting out fires, unlike Crassus his motivation was either to help the Roman people or to gain political status. In 21 BCE Augustus reorganized Rufus' slaves, creating a new group of 600 slaves lead by the aediles.[3]Eventually, in 6 CE Emperor Augustus created a fire brigade called the Vigiles Urbani.[4][5][6][7][8][9]The Vigiles numbered 7,000 men. They were divided into cohorts of 1,000 men. Each cohort was responsible for two regiones. The Vigiles were commanded by an equestrian called the praefectus vigilum.[10] Roman emperor Nero created bucket brigades to patrol the streets of Rome.[11][12][13]

Pliny wrote about the need for fire fighting organizations.[14]

While I was making a progress in a different part of the province, a most extensive fire broke out at Nicomedia, which not only consumed several private houses, but also two public buildings; the town-house and the temple of Isis, though they stood on contrary sides of the street. The occasion of its spreading thus far was partly owing to the violence of the wind, and partly to the indolence of the people, who, manifestly, stood idle and motionless spectators of this terrible calamity. The truth is the city was not furnished with either engines, [1033]buckets, or any single instrument suitable for extinguishing fires; which I have now however given directions to have prepared. You will consider, Sir, whether it may not be advisable to institute a company of fire-men, consisting only of one hundred and fifty members. I will take care none but those of that business shall be admitted into it, and that the privileges granted them shall not be applied to any other purpose. As this corporate body will be restricted to so small a number of members, it will be easy to keep them under proper regulation.

— Pliny, Letters of Pliny

Trajan, the emperor at the time responded by saying:[14]

You are of opinion it would be proper to establish a company of firemen in Nicomedia, agreeably to what has been practised in several other cities. But it is to be remembered that societies of this sort have greatly disturbed the peace of the province in general, and of those cities in particular. Whatever name we give them, and for whatever purposes they may be founded, they will not fail to form themselves into factious assemblies, however short their meetings may be. It will therefore be safer to provide such machines as are of service in extinguishing fires, enjoining the owners of houses to assist in preventing the mischief from spreading, and, if it should be necessary, to call in the aid of the populace.

— Trajan, Letters of Pliny

Methods

Fires would be fought by filling buckets with water and then throwing them against fire. Firefighters could also use axes to destroy buildings in order to prevent them from catching on fire.[1] Once a house caught on fire, Crassus would send his slaves off to fight the fire. Once they arrived at the house they would only put out the fire in exchange for the victim of the fire selling their house to Crassus. Crassus would then sell the house back to the original owner at a marked up price.[1] The Vigiles would patrol the streets of Rome looking for fires. They would uses axes, catapults, or ballistas to destroy buildings near a fire to prevent the fire from spreading. It is possible this is where the phrase "hook and ladder" originates from.[1] The Vigiles could also use buckets and water pumps.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Ermatinger, James W. (2015-08-11). The World of Ancient Rome: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Daily Life Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-2908-6.
  2. ^ Ollhoff, Jim (2012-09-01). Firefighter. ABDO. ISBN 978-1-61478-934-5.
  3. ^ "Vigiles". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  4. ^ Hensler, Bruce (2011-06-30). Crucible of Fire: Nineteenth-Century Urban Fires and the Making of the Modern Fire Service. Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59797-684-8.
  5. ^ Williams, Brian (2005). Ancient Roman Homes. Capstone Classroom. ISBN 978-1-4034-0519-7.
  6. ^ Walsh, Joseph J. (2019-10-01). The Great Fire of Rome: Life and Death in the Ancient City. JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-3372-1.
  7. ^ "Police - The history of policing in the West". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  8. ^ "Rome - Municipal reforms of Augustus". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  9. ^ Barrett, Anthony A. (2020-11-10). Rome Is Burning: Nero and the Fire That Ended a Dynasty. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-17231-6.
  10. ^ Phang, Sara E.; Ph.D, Iain Spence; Ph.D, Douglas Kelly; Ph.D, Peter Londey (2016-06-27). Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia [3 volumes]: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-020-1.
  11. ^ Williams, Robert L.; Newman, Marc; Brescia, Mayor Stephen (2010-07-05). Village of Montgomery. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-3870-5.
  12. ^ "History of Firefighting – Fire Fighters Foundation". Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  13. ^ Rainbird, J. S. (1986). "The Fire Stations of Imperial Rome". Papers of the British School at Rome. 54: 147–169. ISSN 0068-2462.
  14. ^ a b "Letters of Pliny, by Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2020-12-20.
  15. ^ Matyszak, Philip (2017-10-05). 24 Hours in Ancient Rome: A Day in the Life of the People Who Lived There. Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 978-1-78243-857-1.
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