Action Army
 | This article, Action Army, has recently been created via the Articles for creation process. Please check to see if the reviewer has accidentally left this template after accepting the draft and take appropriate action as necessary.
Reviewer tools: Inform author |
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Turkish. (November 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
The Action Army (Turkish: Ḥareket Ordusu), also translated as the Army of Action, was a force formed by elements of the Ottoman Army sympathetic to the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) in response to the Ottoman countercoup of 1909. Mobilised in Selanik (modern Thessaloniki) by Mahmud Shevket Pasha,[1][2] it occupied Istanbul and successfully suppressed the uprising in the 31 March Incident.
Background
The 1908 Young Turk Revolution, led by the CUP, forced Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore a system of constitutional monarchy, ushering in the Second Constitutional Era. The 1909 countercoup was instigated by a mutiny of dissatisfied troops in Istanbul, who were joined by reactionary religious protestors demanding a return to autocracy under Abdul Hamid and Sharia.[3] With the resignation of Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha's cabinet the mutiny developed into a wider political crisis.[4]
Composition
The Action Army's was organised by Mahmud Shevket Pasha, commander of the Third Army based in Selanik. A number of staff officers opposed to the countercoup gathered in Selanik to join the force.[5] It was also supported by divisions from the Second Army stationed in Adrianople (modern Edirne).[5]
References
- ^ Süssheim, Karl; Flemming, Barbara; Schmidt, Jan (2002). The Diary of Karl Süssheim (1878-1947): Orientalist Between Munich and Istanbul. ISBN 9783515075732.
- ^ Baykal, Erol A. F. (2019). The Ottoman Press (1908-1923). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 1. doi:10.1163/9789004394889_002. ISBN 978-90-04-39488-9.
- ^ Der Matossian, Bedross (August 2011). "From Bloodless Revolution to Bloody Counterrevolution: The Adana Massacres of 1909 Adana Massacres of 1909". Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal. 6 (2): 153. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
- ^ Swenson, Victor R. (1970). "The Military Rising in Istanbul 1909". Journal of Contemporary History. 5 (4): 171–184. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 259871.
- ^ a b Ahmad, Feroz; Şenses, Bülent (2017). "Hareket Ordusu" [Action Army]. In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Denis, Matringe; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30322. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
.svg){kind=small} | This Ottoman Empire–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
References