Milnor K-theory
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In mathematics, Milnor K-theory[1] is an algebraic invariant (denoted for a field ) defined by John Milnor (1970) as an attempt to study higher algebraic K-theory in the special case of fields. It was hoped this would help illuminate the structure for algebraic K-theory and give some insight about its relationships with other parts of mathematics, such as Galois cohomology and the Grothendieck-Witt ring of quadratic forms. Before Milnor K-theory was defined, there existed ad-hoc definitions for and . Fortunately, it can be shown Milnor K-theory is a part of algebraic K-theory, which in general is the easiest part to compute[2].
Definition
Motivation
After the definition of the Grothendieck group of a commutative ring, it was expected there should be an infinite set of invariants called higher K-theory groups, from the fact there exists a short exact sequence
which should have a continuation by a long exact sequence. Note the group on the left is relative K-theory. This lead to much study and as a first guess for what this theory would look like, Milnor gave a definition for fields.
Definition
Note for fields the Grothendieck group can be readily computed as since the only finitely generated modules are finite dimensional vector spaces. Also, Milnor's definition of higher K-groups depends upon the canonical isomorphism
(the group of units of ) and observing the calculation of K2 of a field by Hideya Matsumoto, which gave the simple presentation
for a two-sided ideal generated by elements , called Steinberg relations. Milnor took the hypothesis that these were the only relations, hence he gave the following "ad-hoc" definition of Milnor K-theory as
The direct sum of these groups is isomorphic to a tensor algebra over the integers of the multiplicative group modded out by by the two-sided ideal generated by:
so
showing his definition is a direct extension of the Steinberg relations.
Properties
Ring structure
The graded module is graded-commutative ring[1]pg 1-3[3]. If we write
as
then for and we have
From the proof of this property, there are some additional properties which fall out, like
for since . Also, if of non-zero fields elements equals , then
There's a direct arithmetic application: is a sum of squares if and only if every positive dimensional is nilpotent, which is a powerful statement about the structure of Milnor K-groups. In particular, for the fields , with , all of its Milnor K-groups are nilpotent. In the converse case, the field can be embedded into a real closed field, which gives a total ordering on the field.
Relation to Quillen's higher K-theory
In addition, there is a natural homomorphism
from the Milnor K-groups of a field to the Daniel Quillen K-groups, which is an isomorphism for but not for larger n, in general. For nonzero elements in F, the symbol in means the image of in the tensor algebra. Every element of Milnor K-theory can be written as a finite sum of symbols. The fact that in for is sometimes called the Steinberg relation.
Examples
Finite fields
For a finite field , is a cyclic group of order (since is it isomorphic to ), so graded commutativity gives
hence
Because is a finite group, this implies it must have order . Looking further, can always be expressed as a sum of quadratic non-residues, i.e. elements such that are not equal to , hence showing . Because the Steinberg relations generate all relations in the Milnor K-theory ring, we have for .
Real numbers
For the field of real numbers the Milnor K-theory groups can be readily computed. In degree the group is generated by
where gives a group of order and the subgroup generated by the is divisible. The subgroup generated by is not divisible because otherwise it could be expressed as a sum of squares. The Milnor K-theory ring is important in the study of motivic homotopy theory because it gives generators for part of the motivic Steenrod algebra[4]. The others are lifts from the classical Steenrod operations to motivic cohomology.
Other calculations
is an uncountable uniquely divisible group.[5] Also, is the direct sum of a cyclic group of order 2 and an uncountable uniquely divisible group; is the direct sum of the multiplicative group of and an uncountable uniquely divisible group; is the direct sum of the cyclic group of order 2 and cyclic groups of order for all odd prime . For , . The full proof is in the appendix of Milnor's original paper[1]. Some of the computation can be seen by looking at a map on induced from the inclusion of a global field to its completions , so there is a morphism
whose kernel finitely generated. In addition, the cokernel is isomorphic to the roots of unity in .
In addition, for a general local field (such as a finite extension ), the Milnor K-groups are divisible.
K*M(F(t))
There is a general structure theorem computing for a field in relation to the Milnor K-theory of and extensions for non-zero primes ideals . This is given by an exact sequence
where is a morphism constructed from a reduction of to for a discrete valuation . This follows from the theorem there exists only one homomorphism
which for the group of units which are elements have valuation , having a natural morphism
where
we have
where a prime element, meaning , and
Since every non-zero prime ideal gives a valuation , we get the map on the Milnor K-groups.
Applications
Milnor K-theory plays a fundamental role in higher class field theory, replacing in the one-dimensional class field theory.
Milnor K-theory fits into the broader context of motivic cohomology, via the isomorphism
of the Milnor K-theory of a field with a certain motivic cohomology group.[6] In this sense, the apparently ad hoc definition of Milnor K-theory becomes a theorem: certain motivic cohomology groups of a field can be explicitly computed by generators and relations.
A much deeper result, the Bloch-Kato conjecture (also called the norm residue isomorphism theorem), relates Milnor K-theory to Galois cohomology or étale cohomology:
for any positive integer r invertible in the field F. This conjecture was proved by Vladimir Voevodsky, with contributions by Markus Rost and others.[7] This includes the theorem of Alexander Merkurjev and Andrei Suslin as well as the Milnor conjecture as special cases (the cases when and , respectively).
Finally, there is a relation between Milnor K-theory and quadratic forms. For a field F of characteristic not 2, define the fundamental ideal I in the Witt ring of quadratic forms over F to be the kernel of the homomorphism given by the dimension of a quadratic form, modulo 2. Milnor defined a homomorphism:
where denotes the class of the n-fold Pfister form.[8]
Dmitri Orlov, Alexander Vishik, and Voevodsky proved another statement called the Milnor conjecture, namely that this homomorphism is an isomorphism.[9]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Milnor, John (1970-12-01). "Algebraic K -theory and quadratic forms". Inventiones mathematicae. 9 (4): 318–344. doi:10.1007/BF01425486. ISSN 1432-1297.
- ^ Totaro, Burt. "Milnor K-Theory is the Simplest Part of Algebraic K-Theory" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 Dec 2020.
- ^ Gille & Szamuely (2006), p. 184.
- ^ Bachmann, Tom (2018-05). "Motivic and Real Etale Stable Homotopy Theory". Compositio Mathematica. 154 (5): 883–917. doi:10.1112/S0010437X17007710. ISSN 0010-437X.
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(help) - ^ An abelian group is uniquely divisible if it is a vector space over the rational numbers.
- ^ Mazza, Voevodsky, Weibel (2005), Theorem 5.1.
- ^ Voevodsky (2011).
- ^ Elman, Karpenko, Merkurjev (2008), sections 5 and 9.B.
- ^ Orlov, Vishik, Voevodsky (2007).
- Elman, Richard; Karpenko, Nikita; Merkurjev, Alexander (2008), Algebraic and geometric theory of quadratic forms, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-4329-1, MR 2427530
- Gille, Philippe; Szamuely, Tamás (2006). Central simple algebras and Galois cohomology. Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics. Vol. 101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86103-9. MR 2266528. Zbl 1137.12001.
- Mazza, Carlo; Voevodsky, Vladimir; Weibel, Charles (2006), Lectures in Motivic Cohomology, Clay Mathematical Monographs, vol. 2, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-3847-1, MR 2242284
- Milnor, John Willard (1970), "Algebraic K-theory and quadratic forms", Inventiones Mathematicae, 9, With an appendix by John Tate: 318–344, Bibcode:1970InMat...9..318M, doi:10.1007/BF01425486, ISSN 0020-9910, MR 0260844, Zbl 0199.55501
- Orlov, Dmitri; Vishik, Alexander; Voevodsky, Vladimir (2007), "An exact sequence for with applications to quadratic forms", Annals of Mathematics, 165: 1–13, arXiv:math/0101023, doi:10.4007/annals.2007.165.1, MR 2276765
- Voevodsky, Vladimir (2011), "On motivic cohomology with -coefficients", Annals of Mathematics, 174 (1): 401–438, arXiv:0805.4430, doi:10.4007/annals.2011.174.1.11, MR 2811603