American Impressionism

Impressionism, a style of painting characterized by loose brushwork and vivid colors, was practiced widely among American artists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Impressionism emerged as an artistic style in France in the 1860s. Major exhibitions of French impressionist works in Boston and New York in the 1880s introduced the style to the American public. Some of the first American artists to paint in an impressionistic mode, such as Theodore Robinson, did so in the late 1880s after visiting France and meeting with artists such as Claude Monet. Others, such as Childe Hassam, took notice of the increasing numbers of French impressionist works at American exhibitions.

From the 1890s through the 1910s, American impressionism flourished in art colonies—loosely affiliated groups of artists who lived and worked together and shared a common aesthetic vision. Art colonies tended to form in small towns that provided affordable living, abundant scenery for painting, and relatively easy access to large cities where artists could sell their work. Some of the most important American impressionist artists gathered at Cos Cob and Old Lyme, Connecticut, both on Long Island Sound; New Hope, Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River; and Brown County, Indiana. American impressionist artists also thrived in California at Carmel and Laguna Beach; in New York on eastern Long Island at Shinnecock, largely due to the influence of William Merritt Chase; and in Boston where Edmund Charles Tarbell and Frank Weston Benson became important practitioners of the impressionist style.

Some American art colonies remained vibrant centers of impressionist art into the 1920s. However, impressionism in America lost its cutting-edge status in 1913 when a historical exhibition of modern art took place at the 69th Regiment Armory building in New York City. The “Armory Show”, as it came to be called, heralded a new painting style regarded as more in touch with the increasingly fast-paced and chaotic world, especially with the outbreak of World War I. The Great Depression and World War II effectively stifled what remained of American impressionism, though many American artists to the present day continue to employ impressionist techniques in their paintings.

Notable North American Impressionists include:

• Lucy Bacon
• John Noble Barlow
• Frank Weston Benson
• Mary Cassatt
• William Merritt Chase
• Alson S. Clark
• Joseph DeCamp
• Thomas Dewing
• Paul-Henri DuBerger (Canadian)
• Frederick Carl Frieseke
• Daniel Garber
• Edmund Greacen
• Childe Hassam
• Wilson Irvine
• William Langson Lathrop
• Laura Muntz Lyall (Canadian)
• Willard Metcalf
• Leonard Ochtman
• William McGregor Paxton
• Lilla Cabot Perry
• Edward Willis Redfield
• Robert Reid
• Theodore Robinson
• Edward Simmons
• Sueo Serisawa (California Impressionist)
• T. C. Steele
• Edmund Charles Tarbell
• John Henry Twachtman
• Marion Wachtel
• J. Alden Weir
• Patrick Antonelle

American Impressionism references

• Gerdts, William H. (2001). American Impressionism (Second Edition ed.). New York: Abbeville Press Publishers. ISBN 0-7892-0737-0. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)

• Moure,Nancy (1998). California Art: 450 Years of Painting and Other Media. Los Angeles: Dustin Publications. ISBN 0-9614622-4-8.

• Gerdts, William H. and South, Will (1998). California Impressionism. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-7892-0176-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

• Landauer, Susan (Editor) (1996). California Impressionists. Athens, Ga.: The Irvine Museum and Georgia Museum of Art. ISBN 0-915977-25-7. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

• Weinberg, Barbara H. (2004). Childe Hassam: American Impressionist. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 1-58839-119-1.

• Larkin, Susan G. (2001). The Cos Cob Art Colony. New York: the National Academy of Design. ISBN 0-300-08852-3.

• Westphal, Ruth Lilly (Editor) (1986). Plein Air Painters of California: The North. Irvine, Calif.: Westphal Publishing. ISBN 0-9610520-1-5. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

• Westphal, Ruth Lilly (Editor) (1982). Plein Air Painters of California: The Southland. Irvine, Calif.: Westphal Publishing. ISBN 0-9610520-0-7. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)

• Peterson, Brian H. (Editor) (2002). Pennsylvania Impressionism. Philadelphia: James A. Michener Art Museum and University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3700-5. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)