Solvation shell
A solvation shell or solvation sheath is the solvent interface of any chemical compound or biomolecule that constitutes the solute. When the solvent is water it is often referred to as a hydration shell or hydration sphere. The number of solvent molecules surrounding each unit of solute is called the hydration number of the solute.
A classic example is when water molecules arrange around a metal ion. If the metal ion is a cation, the electronegative oxygen atom of the water molecule would be attracted electrostatically to the positive charge on the metal ion. The result is a solvation shell of water molecules that surround the ion. This shell can be several molecules thick, dependent upon the charge of the ion, its distribution and spatial dimensions.
A number of molecules of solvent are involved in the solvation shell around anions and cations from a dissolved salt in a solvent. Metal ions in aqueous solutions form metal aquo complexes. This number can be determined by various methods like compressibility and NMR measurements among others.
Relation to activity coefficient of an electrolyte and its solvation shell number
The solvation shell number of an dissolved electrolyte can be linked to the statistical component of the activity coefficient of the electrolyte and to the ratio between the apparent molar volume of a dissolved electrolyte in a concentrated solution and the molar volume of the solvent (water):[clarification needed]
Hydration shells of proteins
The hydration shell (also sometimes called hydration layer) that forms around proteins is of particular importance in biochemistry. This interaction of the protein surface with the surrounding water is often referred to as protein hydration and is fundamental to the activity of the protein.[2] The hydration layer around a protein has been found to have dynamics distinct from the bulk water to a distance of 1 nm. The duration of contact of a specific water molecule with the protein surface may be in the subnanosecond range while molecular dynamics simulations suggest the time water spends in the hydration shell before mixing with the outside bulk water could be in the femtosecond to picosecond range,[2] and that near features conventionally regarded as attractive to water, such as hydrogen bond donors, the water molecules are actually relatively weakly bound and are easily displaced.[3]
With other solvents and solutes, varying steric and kinetic factors can also affect the solvation shell.
Dehydrons
A dehydron is a backbone hydrogen bond in a protein that is incompletely shielded from water attack and has a propensity to promote its own dehydration, a process both energetically and thermodynamically favored.[4][5] They result from an incomplete clustering of side-chain nonpolar groups that "wrap" the polar pair within the protein structure. Dehydrons promote the removal of surrounding water through protein associations or ligand binding.[4] Dehydrons can be identified by calculating the reversible work per unit area required to span the aqueous interface of a soluble protein, or the "epistructural tension" at the interface.[6][7]: 217–33 Once identified, dehydrons can be used in drug discovery, both to identify new compounds and to optimize existing compounds; chemicals can be designed to "wrap" or shield dehydrons from water attack upon association with the target.[4][7]: 1–15 [8][9]
Epistructural Biology
The molecular underpinnings of the epistructural tension [10] gave rise to a new discipline known as “Epistructural Biology”. This field is concerned with the relationship between protein structure and the enveloping solvent and the relevance of the ensuing interfacial phenomena for protein associations, aberrant aggregation and enzymatic catalysis. [11]
See also
- Activity coefficient
- Metal ions in aqueous solution
- Ion transport number
- Ionic radius
- Water model
- Poisson-Boltzmann equation
- Hydration energy
- Solvation
References
- ^ Glueckauf, E. (1955). "The influence of ionic hydration on activity coefficients in concentrated electrolyte solutions". Transactions of the Faraday Society. 51: 1235. doi:10.1039/TF9555101235.
- ^ a b Zhang, L.; Wang, L.; Kao, Y. -T.; Qiu, W.; Yang, Y.; Okobiah, O.; Zhong, D. (2007). "Mapping hydration dynamics around a protein surface". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (47): 18461–18466. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10418461Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707647104. PMC 2141799. PMID 18003912.
- ^ Irwin, B. W. J.; Vukovic, S.; Payne, M. C.; Huggins, D. J. (2019), "Large-Scale Study of Hydration Environments through Hydration Sites", J. Phys. Chem. B, 123 (19): 4220–4229, doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b02490, PMID 31025866
- ^ a b c Fernández, A; Crespo, A (Nov 2008). "Protein wrapping: a molecular marker for association, aggregation and drug design". Chem Soc Rev. 37 (11): 2373–82. doi:10.1039/b804150b. PMID 18949110.
- ^ Ball, P (Jan 2008). "Water as an active constituent in cell biology". Chem. Rev. 108 (1): 74–108. doi:10.1021/cr068037a. PMID 18095715.
{{cite journal}}: Check|first1=value (help) - ^ Fernández, A (May 2012). "Epistructural tension promotes protein associations" (PDF). Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (18): 188102. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.108r8102F. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.188102. hdl:11336/17929. PMID 22681121. Lay summary: Proteins hook up where water allows
- ^ a b Ariel Fernandez. Transformative Concepts for Drug Design: Target Wrapping: Target Wrapping. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010. ISBN 978-3-642-11791-6
- ^ Demetri, GD (Dec 2007). "Structural reengineering of imatinib to decrease cardiac risk in cancer therapy". J Clin Invest. 117 (12): 3650–3. doi:10.1172/JCI34252. PMC 2096446. PMID 18060025.
- ^ Sarah Crunkhorn for Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. February 2008. Research Highlight: Anticancer drugs: Redesigning kinase inhibitors.
- ^ Fernández, Ariel (2012-05-04). "Epistructural Tension Promotes Protein Associations". Physical Review Letters. 108 (18): 188102. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.188102.
- ^ Fernandez Ariel “Epistructural Biology” in Artificial Intelligence Platform for Molecular Targeted Therapy, Chapter 2, pp. 17-91 (World Scientific, 2021) [1]