Kireji
Kireji (切れ字, lit. "cutting word") are a special category of words used in certain types of Japanese traditional poetry. It is regarded as a requirement in traditional haiku, as well as in the hokku, or opening verse, of both classical renga and its derivative renku (haikai no renga). There is no exact equivalent of kireji in English, and its function can be difficult to define. It is said to supply structural support to the verse.[1] When placed at the end of a verse, it provides a dignified ending, concluding the verse with a heightened sense of closure. Used in the middle of a verse, it briefly cuts the stream of thought, indicating that the verse consists of two thoughts half independent of each other.[2] In such a position, it indicates a pause, both rhythmically and grammatically, and may lend an emotional flavour to the phrase preceding it.[3]
List of common kireji
Classical renga developed a tradition of 18 kireji, which were adopted by haikai, thence used for both renku and haiku,[4] the most common of which are listed below:[5]
- ka (か): emphasis; when at end of a phrase, it indicates a question
- kana (哉/かな): emphasis; usually can be found at a poem's end, indicates wonder
- -keri (〜けり): exclamatory verbal suffix, past perfect
- -ramu or -ran (〜らむ/〜らん): verbal suffix indicating probability
- -shi (〜し): adjectival suffix; usually used to end a clause
- -tsu (〜つ): verbal suffix; present perfect
- ya (や): emphasises the preceding word or words. Cutting a poem into two parts, it implies an equation, while inviting the reader to explore their interrelationship.[6]
Use
Hokku and haiku consist of 17 Japanese syllables, or on (a phonetic unit identical to the mora), in three metrical phrases of 5, 7, and 5 on respectively. A kireji is typically positioned at the end of one of these three phrases. When it is placed at the end of the final phrase (i.e. the end of the verse), the kireji draws the reader back to the beginning, initiating a circular pattern.[7] A large number of hokku, including many of those by Bashō, end with either -keri, an exclamatory auxiliary verb, or the exclamatory particle kana, both of which initiate such a circular pattern.[8] Placed elsewhere in the verse, a kireji performs the paradoxical function of both cutting and joining; it not only cuts the ku into two parts, but also establishes a correspondence between the two images it separates, implying that the latter represents the poetic essence (本意, hon'i) of the former,[9] creating two centres and often generating an implicit comparison, equation, or contrast between the two separate elements.[10]
The hokku author must compose a syntactically complete verse capable (alone among the verses of a linked poem) of standing alone, probably because the hokku, as the first verse of the renku or renga, sets the stage for the rest of the poem, and therefore should not leave itself open to overt modification in the next verse. The conventional way of making sure that a hokku has such linguistic integrity is to include a kireji.[11][12]
In English haiku and hokku
Kireji have no direct equivalent in English. Mid-verse kireji have been described as sounded rather than written punctuation. In English-language haiku and hokku, as well as in translations of such verses into this language, kireji may be represented by punctuation (typically by a dash or an ellipsis), an exclamatory particle (such as 'how...'), or simply left unmarked.
Examples
The examples below are laid out as follows:
- Haiku in Japanese
- Rōmaji transliteration
- Literal word-for-word translation
- Translated poem
Mid-verse ya
| 行く | 春 | や | 鳥 | 泣 | 魚 | の | 目 | は | 泪 | ||
| yuku | haru | ya | tori | naki | uo | no | me | wa | namida | ||
| go | spring | — | bird | crying | fish | 's | eye | as-for | tear |
spring going—
birds crying and tears
in the eyes of fish— Bashō, tr. Shirane[13]
End-verse kana
| ひやひや | と | 壁 | を | ふまへて | 昼寝 | 哉 | ||
| hiyahiya | to | kabe | wo | fumaete | hirune | kana | ||
| cool | so | wall | (accusative) | put-feet-on | siesta | how |
how cool the feeling
of a wall against the feet—
siesta— Bashō, tr. Darlington[14]
References
- ^ Brief Notes on "Kire-ji" Archived 2009-08-27 at the Wayback Machine, Association of Japanese Classical Haiku, retrieved 2008-07-10
- ^ Nobuyuki Yuasa. Translating 'the sound of water' , in The Translator's Art, Penguin, 1987, ISBN 0-14-009226-9 p.234
- ^ William J. Higginson and Penny Harter. The Haiku Handbook, Kodansha International, 1985, ISBN 4-7700-1430-9, p.102
- ^ Haruo Shirane. Traces of Dreams, Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the poetry of Bashō. Stanford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8047-3099-7 (pbk), p.100
- ^ Higginson and Harter, pp.291-292
- ^ Makoto Ueda, Modern Japanese Haiku, University of Tokyo Press, 1976, ISBN 0802062458 pbk. p.265
- ^ Shirane, p.100
- ^ Shirane, p.312
- ^ Shirane, pp.101-102
- ^ Haruo Shirane and Lawrence E. Marceau, Early Modern Literature, in Early Modern Japan, Fall 2002, p.27
- ^ Steven D. Carter. Three Poets at Yuyama. Sogi and Yuyama Sangin Hyakuin, 1491, in Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 33, No. 3. (Autumn, 1978), p.249
- ^ Konishi Jin'ichi; Karen Brazell; Lewis Cook, The Art of Renga, in Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1. (Autumn, 1975), p.39
- ^ Shirane p.247
- ^ Darlington et al. A Plate Between us in Lynx XXII:3 2007