Anaeromyces robustus
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| Anaeromyces robustus | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Neocallimastigomycota |
| Class: | Neocallimastigomycetes |
| Order: | Neocallimastigales |
| Family: | Neocallimastigaceae |
| Genus: | Anaeromyces |
| Species: | A. robustus
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| Binomial name | |
| Anaeromyces robustus O' Malley etal., 2016 - fungi
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| Synonyms | |
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Ruminomyces | |
Anaeromyces robustus is a fungal microorganism that lives in the gut rumen of many different large herbivores such as cows and sheep[1]. Previously thought to be protozoa from their flagellated zoospores, they are biomass degraders and help the animal by breaking down carbohydrates and plant materials from the food the animal ingests. This fungus, therefore, is anaerobic and lives without oxygen. Gut fungi are dramatically outnumbered by other organisms in the microbiome, however, they are very important members of the gut microbiome in ruminants and hind-gut fermenters.[2]
Taxonomy
Initially, this fungal species was isolated from sheep fecal material in the Santa Barbara Zoo in 2017.[3] With how this was found, it fit into the order of the Neocallimastigomycota as all species within this order live in the gut rumen of large herbivores. Considering the placement of this fungus, it has gained the synonym of ruminomycota.
Description
A. robustus is characterized by its long hyphal segments and its ability to reproduce asexually from flagellated zoospores. With the production of zoospores, this fungus's lifecycle is very representative of species of fungi from the phylum Chitridiomycota.[4] This fungus has polycentric sporangia development as many sporangia develop throughout the thallus. With this, there is also nucleus movement through many repeated divisions through the rhizoids.[5]
Ecology
As stated beforehand, this fungus helps animals with digestion of plant materials. Certain enzymes produced from A. robustus have significantly more enzymatic activity when compared to bacteria and other organisms inside of the gut rumen. Other gut bacteria and archaea, however, can have a positive impact on the way A. robustus functions. There is a species of archaea, Methanobacterium bryantii, that enhances the function of the fungus.[6] In particular, this archaea increases the fungus's ability to break down carbohydrates by increasing the CAZyme production of the fungus. When exposed to harmful gut bacteria, rumen fungi are known to produce their own antibiotics, making them potentially useful when looking into synthesizing new antibiotics.[7]
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been thought to have occurred between fungal ruminants, like A. robustus, and bacteria that are found in the same environment. Through this gene transfer, it is thought that it has adopted some of the biosynthetic genes the fungus uses to break down carbohydrates from certain bacteria.[8]
Anaerobic gut fungi can create a compound called styrylprone that is typically found in other mushrooms that can be used for herbal medicine. This compound has similarities to antioxidants that are found in a plethora of plants.[9]
Geographical Distribution
Found in the United States around the country in many large ruminants and hind-gut fermenters. One reference states A. robustus and other ruminomyces were found in fecal samples from many cows and goats in Oklahoma.[10] Another reference states the fungus has been found in fecal samples of sheep in the Santa Barbara Zoo.[11]
Unique Aspects
Use of A. robustus in bread making can lead to an increase of softness and chewiness of the bread. This is because the fungus can create an enzyme called xylanase that is used in food products.[12]
References
- ^ "Home - Anaeromyces robustus v1.0". mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- ^ Swift, Candice L.; Louie, Katherine B.; Bowen, Benjamin P.; Olson, Heather M.; Purvine, Samuel O.; Salamov, Asaf; Mondo, Stephen J.; Solomon, Kevin V.; Wright, Aaron T.; Northen, Trent R.; Grigoriev, Igor V. (2021-05-04). "Anaerobic gut fungi are an untapped reservoir of natural products". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (18): e2019855118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2019855118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8106346. PMID 33906945.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Haitjema, Charles H.; Gilmore, Sean P.; Henske, John K.; Solomon, Kevin V.; de Groot, Randall; Kuo, Alan; Mondo, Stephen J.; Salamov, Asaf A.; LaButti, Kurt; Zhao, Zhiying; Chiniquy, Jennifer (2017-05-30). "A parts list for fungal cellulosomes revealed by comparative genomics". Nature Microbiology. 2 (8): 1–8. doi:10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.87. ISSN 2058-5276.
- ^ "Home - Anaeromyces robustus v1.0". mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- ^ Chang, Jongsoo; Park, Hyunjin (2020). "Nucleotide and protein researches on anaerobic fungi during four decades". Journal of Animal Science and Technology. 62 (2): 121–140. doi:10.5187/jast.2020.62.2.121. ISSN 2055-0391.
- ^ Swift, Candice L; Brown, Jennifer L; Seppälä, Susanna; O’Malley, Michelle A (2019-10-01). "Co-cultivation of the anaerobic fungus Anaeromyces robustus with Methanobacterium bryantii enhances transcription of carbohydrate active enzymes". Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 46 (9–10): 1427–1433. doi:10.1007/s10295-019-02188-0. ISSN 1476-5535.
- ^ Swift, Candice L.; Louie, Katherine B.; Bowen, Benjamin P.; Hooker, Casey A.; Solomon, Kevin V.; Singan, Vasanth; Daum, Chris; Pennacchio, Christa P.; Barry, Kerrie; Shutthanandan, Vaithiyalingam; Evans, James E. (2021-08-31). Taylor, John W. (ed.). "Cocultivation of Anaerobic Fungi with Rumen Bacteria Establishes an Antagonistic Relationship". mBio. 12 (4): e01442–21. doi:10.1128/mBio.01442-21. ISSN 2150-7511. PMC 8406330. PMID 34399620.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Swift, Candice L.; Louie, Katherine B.; Bowen, Benjamin P.; Olson, Heather M.; Purvine, Samuel O.; Salamov, Asaf; Mondo, Stephen J.; Solomon, Kevin V.; Wright, Aaron T.; Northen, Trent R.; Grigoriev, Igor V. (2021-04-27). "Anaerobic gut fungi are an untapped reservoir of natural products". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (18). doi:10.1073/pnas.2019855118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8106346. PMID 33906945.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Swift, Candice L.; Louie, Katherine B.; Bowen, Benjamin P.; Olson, Heather M.; Purvine, Samuel O.; Salamov, Asaf; Mondo, Stephen J.; Solomon, Kevin V.; Wright, Aaron T.; Northen, Trent R.; Grigoriev, Igor V. (2021-04-27). "Anaerobic gut fungi are an untapped reservoir of natural products". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (18). doi:10.1073/pnas.2019855118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8106346. PMID 33906945.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Hanafy, Radwa A.; Johnson, Britny; Elshahed, Mostafa S.; Youssef, Noha H. (2018-05-04). "Anaeromyces contortus, sp. nov., a new anaerobic gut fungal species (Neocallimastigomycota) isolated from the feces of cow and goat". Mycologia. 110 (3): 502–512. doi:10.1080/00275514.2018.1465773. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 29944464.
- ^ "Home - Anaeromyces robustus v1.0". mycocosm.jgi.doe.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
- ^ Wen, Sitao; Wu, Guogan; Wu, Huawei (2021-08-11). "Biochemical characterization of a GH10 xylanase from the anaerobic rumen fungus Anaeromyces robustus and application in bread making". 3 Biotech. 11 (9). doi:10.1007/s13205-021-02956-9. ISSN 2190-572X. PMC 8357908. PMID 34471589.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)