Mode of transport
Isimo sokuthutha Isimo sokuthutha kuyinto enikezwe ukuhambisa abantu noma izinto ezahlukene ngamaphuzu esikhathini esiningi. Amaphuzu esikhathini esiningi okudinga ukuthutha ngabantu noma izinto kusuka ezimbalwa, namanzi, nezwe, okudingayo izikhuni noma amarailwe, amasekela nasekhaya, nokuphila kwamanye amanye eziningi, okudingayo izimpompo, ukuthutha ngamasekela eziningi, nokuthutha kwezindiza nasezulwini. Kuningi okuningi kaphela okudinga ukuhambisa ngendlela ezahlukene, kuhlanganisa izimpompo, ukuthutha ngamanzi ngokufaka izimpahla emanzini, nokuthutha ngespasi. Kukhona kanye nokuphila kwabantu kanye nemvunulo yokuphila kwezinkomo ezithutha. Okumangalisayo Okuphila ngamandla wamazwe, okuphila ngamandla wezinkomo, kanye nokuphila ngamandla wezinkunzi ukuthi kube yindawo yokuthutha abantu noma izinto. Kungaba yindawo yokuphila kwabantu okunye noma kudlulela kuzo zonke izimo zokuthutha. Amaphuzu esikhathini esiningi abanzi ngamandla nangamananiwe kakhulu ngomqondo, futhi abanye abalanda ukuzithutha abantu noma izinto ezibukhoma ngenxa yamananiwe abo. Umoya Umoya wamakhanda entshisekelweni, owodwa ubhedeshi olutsha, kusuka ezinkatheni, kuzovikelwa ngokusebenzisa igiromitha esikhundleni esithandwa. Amakhanda entshisekelweni awazisebenziswa ukusuka kwezincwadi ezingaphansi kuya kuamakhanda entshisekelweni ezikhulu ezinhlangano zamalayisha nezomgwaqo zomlilo. Kuwo wonke umdlalo nezinga lapho kungekho emahhovisi ahlukile, izihlolakazi zina ngemikhawulo, kungenzeka nokwamabhulokheli. (Izinga ezahlukene zamakhanda entshisekelweni, njengama-autogyros kanye nezinkanyezi, ayiqiniseki lapho kungekho inkampani yemoya.) Ukukhishwa komoya kuqhubeka ngokukhulu kulokhu okuyinhloko yezokuthuthukiswa kwezokuthuthukisa, Izinjini zasakazwa zikwenzeka ngokwemisebenzi yokufika ezikhishinweni zingagcwele ngobudlelwane bezokwakha impilo abantu. Okuwona ongakhetha ukuhamba kahle empeleni kanye nokuthola inyanga eziningi nezinye izikhathi ngezikhathi ezifanele, umkhankaso okhombisa inhloso yokuchazwa kwabadlali bomkhondo kanye nabagcizelela bakwethu kanye nabamhlophe kuwo wonke umthombo wemiphumela. Ukudla komoya kwenza khona ngokuphuma kwezinkonzo nekuhambisana kwalo, kuzokubandakanya kakhulu ngesivinini sesimo senhloko olunemithamo yehemisi nezinye zithuthukiso zomhlaba kumele zitholwe uma kubandakanya ngamaphuzu ezingakwazi ukuhambisana kwabafundi. IPCC yathembisa kwenza inqwaba enkulu ezingekho ezinye zokuthuthukiswa kwepulazini lokulanda kwezemidlalo, ngokuthi isizwe sesindiswe 2-4 ngosuku kungaba kube sekupheleni kwamaphuzu eziyimfushane ziqhubeke kwezindlela zokuhlola, ngenxa yezindlela ezikhona ezintshisekelweni nezinqubo zokuxhumanisa zokudlwengula ngaphansi. Izinga nezinkampani zokuhlola zomhlaba zigcina zicabange ngokuthi kubantu abaningi njengamanzi jikelele befika kwezemidlalo. Kwezinye izikhathi, abantu abaningi bayahamba ngezinkathi eziningi kanye nokuh Ukuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu Ukuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu, uhlelo lwezokuthuthukiswa okwamukela, kuyinto yokuphatha abantu noma izinto ngezinye izindlela ngokwelula kwabantu bokusebenza kwezemoto, ngokwethutha, nokungena emanzini. Imisebenzi yokuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu kuyazinikela kwizwe elidala. Kubalulekile ukuthi izinkampani zixhaswe ngokwelula kwabantu, bese ngokugcwele kwezemoto, ezilula ngokwelula kwabantu, kwezinye izikhathi zisukela ekugcineni ngokuba bezohlala zingene kwezinye izikhathi. Ukuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu kuyacelwa ngenxa yemisebenzi engaphansi kwezidingo, ukulala, ukuziphatha ngezifo, ukulima okuhle kwezindawo, kanye nokusindisa okwesibili, nakumazwe amanengiwe. Njengoba abantu abaningi abangaba nokuphatha ngaphansi kwezindlela, inhlangano yemoto iyakwazi ukuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu ngezindawo ezahlukene, ikakhulukazi ngokusebenza nezimoto, njengamabhayisikili nezintsha. Imoto zokuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu zifakwe ezithutha ezimbi noma kwezinye izinhlobo zemvelo, njengokuhambisa kwamakrobi ezamandla noma ukusuka emanzini. Imoto zokuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu zikwazi futhi ukwakha ngokwezokuhambisa okudingayo, njengokwenza ezindlebeni zombombo nezamandla, ngokwenza ukuski nezamandla; futhi singakwazi ukugqoka indlela nezamandla zokuphatha ngokwelula kwabantu. Umhlaba Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyafaka onke amathuluzi omphakathi akudingekayo ezokuthutha kwabantu, izinto kanye nemisebenzi. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyincwadi yokuqhubeka okwenza izinhlangano zethu zibe nesandla esikhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyidinga ekuthuthukiseni amadolobha abangamaphakathi. Lelikomhlaba lifakwe phansi kwamanye amathuluzi, izindlela zekugcina nokuhamba ngemoto. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyakwazi ukwamukela amanye amathuluzi ngezinye izindawo, kuzodingeka kwisakhiwo samadolobha aqobo, amakomiti, nemithombo. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyinkomba ephathwayo ephakeme ekupheleni kwenhloso yokusebenzisa, kanti futhi kuphathwa kakhulu ngokukhuliswa kwezindlu, inkampani nokwezokuhlala. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyadingeka ekugcineni kwezemvelo yomphakathi, kubalulekile ukuthi lingabizwa ngezimboni ezinhle kakhulu kwezemvelo. Kuyisizwe sengathi sihamba ngaphandle, izinyathelo zethu zihamba ngezemoto kanye namatreni, ngokomhlaba wesihlanu. Ukuphatha komhlaba kuyisizwe sengathi sihamba ngaphandle kakhulu. Ukuphatha kwezinyathelo Ukuphatha kwezinyathelo kuyinto yokubamba abangasebenzi kanye nabathengi ngendlela yamaphethini okwesibhakabhakeni ezithuthukiswa ngamaphethini, ezigcwele ezindleleni zezinyathelo, ezithandwayo njengase-railway noma railroad. Amaphethini ahambelana ngokubamba kwezikhala ezihlanganisiwe zithutha ezinyathelweni. Ukwakhiwa kwezikhala kuyavakasha ngokuphendukela kwezinyathelo. Uma kukhona abasebenzi abathathu kusebenza kwama-elekthrikhi, kwezinyathelo ezingaphakathi kwezikhala noma kusuka esitolo. Ngokunikezwa kokuphatha ezinyathelweni kufanele kube kukhona kwezikhala noma khona kwezinyathelweni ezikhulayo. Njengamanzi angahambelani ngokuphendukela kwezikhala ngaphandle kwamapavementi omphakathi, ukuphatha kwezinyathelo kuzohlala kuqondene ngokuphelele kunokunye okuphatha izitimela, kodwa kuyafana nokuphatha kwezikhulu noma izimari. Izitimela zasezweni ziyinhlangano yezinyathelo ezitholakala phakathi kwamadolobha; isikhala esisemakhaya sesemakhaya noma esehlakalweni sokuhamba kuyaphatha izindawo zamadolobha ezitolo nasezindaweni ezinye. Ezinye izitimela zasemakhaya nezokusebenza zasezweni zikhokhelwe ngamanani asekelwe ekhaya noma ezindaweni zokuphela, kodwa okuphatha esifubeni esibalulekile noma kuzohlala ukuphatha ezintweni ezithathwe ngemikhawulo yokwakha izitimela, noma nokuzimisela kakhulu, kusuka ekupheleni kwezindawo zamadolobha. Izitimela zezothutha abathengi kuyaphathwa ngemifula yezinkampani, ngaphandle kokunikezwa kwamaphoyisa. Uma ngabe kutholakale izinkampani ezikhulu ngokuphatha kwezinyathelo, zikhe zibuye zisebenze kahle ngezinkampani zokuphatha izindlu eziningi kakhulu, ngaphandle kwamaphoyisa.
umgwaqo Umgwago siyindlela yokuhambisa abangane kanye nezinto zabo ngokwezindlela zokweleta, kukhona ongatholakala ngamandla angu- 'gravel', 'asphalt' noma 'concrete' kanye nesimo esinikeza ukuhamba emagumeni noma ngezimoto eziningi. Isikweletu esikhula kakhulu emhlabeni wokwakhiwa kuyona inganezimoto, inethozwa esabenza ngemotor yakhe. Ngonyaka ka-2002, kwakunamathimillion ama-591 okuwasekunene. Abasebenzisi abangaphezulu kwezwe lenkazimulo yinkampani zamabhizinisi, ama-lorri, ama-khaya, ama-bayisikili, ama-bayisikilini kanye ne-rickshaw, kudingeka zizakhamuzi ezitholakala kulo. Kwenzekeni, amalane abayisikili abacelwe ngokuphela kwezombusazwe abaningi, nezikhungo zokuhamba ngamabhasi ezinikeza izitayela ezikhoyo zokwakhiwa kwezinto ezitholakalayo ezisemaphandleni. Amakhothakethe avumele ukwenzela zinkulungwane, kodwa ngeke azimele kakhulu ngokweluleka kwawo, kuyadingeka kakhulu kwamanye amakhombo, kwenzekeni zikhungo zokuhamba zezimbuzi zinikeza inkampani yokuphatha izinto zokwakhiwa kwezinto.
Amanzi Ukubhejwa kwezulu kuyindlela yokubheja okuyisisekelo lwenguwo, njengoba i-bart, isheli noma isayilibhoti, isebenza ngayo phakathi kwezinye izinto zezulu, njengoba isamawu, umfula, ibhuloho noma umfula. Uma ibhodwe noma ingxenye enkulu yokubheja i-samawu, ithi ingxenye elandelayo yamanzi, kuyaziwa njengomfula otholakala ukubhejwa ngalo. Ukubonisana kwamandla yokuthwala ngamanzi kuyawugcina umphakathi wezulu, futhi kuyenza inhloso yombhodi inguqulo ehloniphayo yemvelaphi, ukusebenzisa kanye nokubheka. Uma ibhodwe liyophelela kwezamanzi, ithi ingxenye yamanzi yelayo ibonisa isambulo esinjalo, lokhu kuyaziwa njengokufuyiswa kwezilwane. Ngo-1800, amashayina wezulu angaphambili aqhubeka wangaphambili, ngenxa yokusebenzisa umshini wamanzi ukuvumela ukuvakasha umshini. Isitimu siqhunyuzwa ngokusebenzisa umlotha noma i-khola ukuze ushiye umshini. Manje, kubalulekile ukuthi izishidi ziningi zisebenzise indlela enkulu enomthelela eyisiphetho yamasonto esi-fuel ezivela eBhankela. Zokwazi umzamo, njengamabhulokisi, zisebenzisa ingozi yamanzi ukuze ishaye isitimu. Izinqubo zokudla noma zokufunda zihlelwe umoya, futhi kunezinye ezincane zisebenzisa izitimela ezincane zokuhamba noma izikhwepha zokuthwala inombolo yezisulu kahle, noma njengamabhedi-jet, i-inboard water jet. Kumaqhubeke anise ngamaphethini angaphansi, izihlabathi zihambelana nge- hovercraft zingaphumeliwe ngamanzi ngokusebenzisa amafemu okushayela. Noma kushesha, ukubhejwa kwesamawu okudinga ubungakanani bokubonakala kuyindlela efanele yokubheja amakhulu okhokhayo okungatholakala. Imikhumbi yokusebenza, eminyakeni engu-35,000, yashelela 7.4 billion tons yezinto zokudla ngo-2007. Ukubhejwa ngamanzi kungcono kakhulu kwenza okuhle kakhulu kulokusebenza amehlo kulokhu okwesibili kwamanzi ngok
indlela enye yokuthuthukisa
Micromobility nguhambo oluyisisekelo lwezimoto ezincane zokwanele ziqhubekayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ngenkathi zibhekene neziphathimandla zizilondolozi (Pipeline transport), zikhokhelwa ngokusemthethweni uma kudingeka kuba liqoqo neligazi, kodwa ngamabhonakhalazi engaphansi kwesibili kunalokho, lapho uhlu lwezitanki lukhishwa ngomoya wokugcina. Izindleko ezifanele zivela ngaphansi kwemizekeliso yabagci, amanzi eemikhiqizo, kanye namanzi amakhulu. Kunezimo ezahlukene ezifanele zokwenza njalo njengokucindezelwa kwamakhompyutha ezifishane, amanzi angaphansi kwebhaya kanye ne-Gas. Izikhala zebhizinisi zidinga ukuqasha ngokwezindleko ezinye ngokwezinye, kanti izimoto ezifutshane zibeka ukhetho kwezobuchwepheshe emaphandleni ahlobene. Cable transport ngehlukene kakhulu, ngokuba izimoto ziqhubeka ngamabhulokhi ngaphansi kwemisebenzi yazo. Okuyinhloko, kukhona izindlela ezahlukene zokuhamba, okungukuphela ukuphatha kwesikhashana, amabhulokhi aphansi kanye ne-escalator nasesithunyelwe, kungaba yindawo emisiweyo yokuxhumana (conveyor transport). Uhamba phakathi kwemvula (Space transport) kuyobe kugcizelelwe ngokuhambisana kweziqhamo neziqhubekayo ezincane ngaphandle kwesiphetho sokuhlala. Kukhona izimo eziningi zokuthi zibeka kubantu ukuthi bathumelele kubanye abantu ngokwezokuthutha, kodwa kuzohlanganiswa kakhulu ngokukhethwa kwezinga lezindlela ezithuthukisa ezenziwe kwezemidlalo nezimali (Economics). Uhamba phakathi kwendawo engaholeliweyo yezulu (UAV transport) kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa izinsimbi ezahlukene zakithi, ngaphandle kwamaphulo angaphansi. Okuyinhloko, uhlelo lwe-medicine lwezindawo ezifutshane kuqhubekile ngokusebenzisa i-drone ephendula kwi-American based start-up ngolunye uhlangothi owenzelwa yiZipline. Amazon.com nakwelinye izindlu zezokuthutha zifuna ukuthola ukusebenza kwama-drones asezipheleni zezwekazi. Lezi zindlela zizoba zicacile futhi.