Webster–Hayne debate

The Webster-Hayne debate was a famous debate in the U.S. between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that took place on January 19-27, 1830 regarding protectionist tariffs. The heated speeches between Webster and Hayne themselves were unplanned, and stemmed from debate over a resolution by Connecticut Senator Samuel Foote calling for the temporary suspension of further land surveying until land already on the market was sold (this would effectively stop the introduction of new lands onto the market). Webster's "Reply to Hayne" (1830) was generally regarded as "the most eloquent speech ever delivered in Congress."

A brief summary of the debate

Hayne's first speech:

• He makes an overture to westerners who resent federal lands within their boundaries. His main point: They should cast the land problem in terms of state sovereignty, and ally themselves with southerners, whose opposition to the tariff was intertwined with the state sovereignty principle.

Webster's first speech:

• The public lands are being sold as fast as they can be settled. To sell them cheaper would simply put them in the hands of speculators, and very likely retard their settlement.
• The current policy is necessary due to the terms under which the lands were acquired.
• New England is the west's true friend, having given the northwest, at least, a rational system of land sales, and having kept slavery out of the Northwest territory. New England has voted for all western measures, while the south has voted against them.
• It is from the south – indeed from Mr. McDuffie, an associate of Hayne and Calhoun, that we have heard a distinct call to restrict westward immigration, while W. himself opposed restriction.

Speculations on the subtext of Webster's first speech:

• In citing what the Northeast has done for the West, he blandly includes the keeping of slavery out of the Northwest, as if everyone would see this as a great thing. Was this designed to draw Hayne into a "labored defense of slavery"?
• Hayne describes the effects of the tariff on the south, but does not use the word "tariff" – so directly connected to nullification. But Webster uses "tariff" as if it were synonymous with the American System, and uses it over and over. Why would a unionist represent unionism by its least popular aspect? Perhaps because it draws Hayne into explicit discussion of the tariff, and a defense of nullification, which Webster wants an opportunity to attack.
• It could even be that Webster heaped extravagant praise on Nathan Dane, an attendee of the Hartford Convention (see below) to tempt Hayne into the confusing position of denouncing the reviled Hartford Convention, while defending a policy not unlike that of the Hartford Convention.

Hayne responds with a flashy speech with Shakespearean allusions, and quotations from famous English orators.

• He taunts Webster with the "coalition", a milder codeword for the "corrupt bargain" which was supposed to have been struck between the east (Adams) and the west (Clay), and which threw its weight behind the American System.
• He accuses Webster of not having supported the American System, and of only coming to support it as part of the "bargain".
• He accuses Webster of inconsistency about whether the public lands should be used to generate revenue or not.
• He attacks Nathan Dane and other New Englanders who sought to weaken the union in order to escape the special burdens they suffered in the War of 1812.
• He defends slavery and attacks its enemies. He quotes a curious passage of Edmund Burke warning the English Parliament that for slaveholders "Freedom is ... not only an enjoyment, but a kind of rank and privilege", and, that being the case they will be that much more intransigent in defense of liberty.
• He finally defends "the Carolina [nullification – a word he avoids] Doctrine". He tries to stand on high ground behind (his interpretation at least) Jefferson and Madison but defending nonetheless.

Webster's second speech:

• He makes a witty insinuation that Hayne's speech had literally caused him to "lose his bearings", and he must start by regaining them.
• He warms up by parrying several petty accusations by Hayne.
• He defended his consistency on the public lands issue.
• He counters the claim that N. Eng.'s support for the West was bought by the "corrupt bargain".
• He describes the origins of the American System and how South Carolina was at first strongly behind it.
• He defends his consistency on the tariff and accuses the south of inconsistency.
• He accuses Hayne of both excoriating the Hartford Convention and using it as a precedent.
• He makes a direct argument against nullification theory.
• He contrasts New England's response to the embargo, which he describes as thoroughly constitutional, against that advocated in the nullification doctrine.
• He returns to the direct attack on nullification.
• He describes a scenario of Hayne and the SC militia trying to stop the customs, and argues how it would lead to civil war.
• He paints a frightful and dramatic picture of what will happen if the Union falls apart, and praises "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!".
• In response to a rejoinder by Hayne, he logically refutes the derivation of nullification doctrine from the premise that the constitution is a compact between the states.

Analysis

Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster's "Second Reply" to South Carolina Senator Robert Y. Hayne has long been celebrated as a great oratorical celebration of American nationalism in a period of sectional strife. The 1830 Webster-Hayne debate centered around the South Carolina nullification crisis of the late 1820s, but historians have largely ignored the sectional interests underpinning Webster's argument on behalf of Unionism and a transcendent nationalism. In many respects, Webster's speech betrays the mentality of Massachusetts conservatives seeking to regain national leadership and advance their particular ideas about the nation. Webster realized that if the social and political elite of Massachusetts and the Northeast were to once again lay claim to national leadership, he had to justify New England's previous history of sectionalism within the framework of a nationalistic progression. Though Webster made an impassioned argument, the political, social, and economic traditions of New England informed his ideas about the threatened nation. Even more pointedly, his speech reflected a decade of arguments from other Massachusetts conservatives who argued against supposed threats to New England's social order. [Sheidley, 1994]

Shouler's analysis

"The Webster-Hayne Debate" (1831)

from James Schouler, History of the United States. (New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. (1891), copyright expired

South Carolina nullification was now coming in sight, and a celebrated debate which belongs to the first session exposed its claims and its fallacies to the country. The arena selected for a first impression was the Senate, where the arch-heretic himself presided and guided the onset with his eye. Hayne, South Carolina's foremost Senator, was the chosen champion; and the cause of his State, both in its right and wrong sides, could have found no abler exponent while Calhoun's official station kept him from the floor. It has been said that Hayne was Calhoun's sword and buckler, and that he returned to the contest refreshed each morning by nightly communions with the Vice-President, drawing auxiliary supplies from the well-stored arsenal of his powerful and subtle mind. Be this as it may, Hayne was a ready and copious orator, a highly-educated lawyer, a man of varied accomplishments, shining as a writer, speaker, and counselor, equally qualified to draw up a bill or to advocate it, quick to discern, and, tho brilliant, disposed to view things on the practical side.

His person was flexible, about the medium height and well proportioned; his face pleasant and expressive, and tho serious, lighting up readily with a smile; his manners irresistibly cordial and easy, winning strangers at first sight. He turned readily from business to society, and pursued with equal zest the triumphs of the forum and ballroom. A graceful adaptiveness at all points to a life of distinction was his striking quality; rugged inequalities in his nature there were none. Gifted for a life of public eminence, nobly born, bearing a Revolutionary name pathetic in its memories, well fortified by wealth and marriage connections, dignified, never vulgar nor unmindful of the feelings of those with whom he mingled, Hayne moved in an atmosphere where lofty and chivalrous honor was the ruling sentiment. But it was the honor of a caste; and the struggling bread-winners of society, the great commonalty, he little studied or understood. This was the man to fire an aristocracy of fellow citizens ready to arm when their interests were in danger, and upon him it devolved to advance the cause of South Carolina, break down the tariff, and fascinate the Union with the new rattlesnake theories.

The great debate, which culminated in Hayne's encounter with Webster, came about in a somewhat casual way. Senator Foote, of Connecticut, submitted a proposition inquiring into the expediency of limiting the sales of public lands to those already in the market. This seemed like an Eastern spasm of jealousy at the progress of the West. Benton was rising in renown as the advocate not only of Western settlers, but of a new theory that the public lands should be given away instead of sold to them. He joined Hayne in using this opportunity to try to detach the West from the East, and restore the old cooperation of the West and the South against New England. The discussion took a wide range, going back to topics that had agitated the country before the Constitution was formed. It was of a partizan and censorious character, and drew nearly all the chief senators out. But the topic which became the leading feature of the whole debate and gave it an undying interest was that of nullification, in which Hayne and Webster came forth as chief antagonists. . . .

Hayne launched his confident javelin at the New England States. He accused them of a desire to check the growth of the West in the interests of protection. Webster replied to his speech the next day, and left not a shred of the charge, baseless as it was. Inflamed and mortified at this repulse, Hayne soon returned to the assault, primed with a two-days' speech, which at great length vaunted the patriotism of South Carolina and bitterly attacked New England, dwelling particularly upon her conduct during the late war. It was a speech delivered before a crowded auditory, and loud were the Southern exultations that he was more than a match for Webster. Strange was it, however, that in heaping reproaches upon the Hartford Convention he did not mark how nearly its leaders had mapped out the same line of opposition to the national Government that his State now proposed to take, both relying upon the arguments of the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798-99.

Webster rose the next day in his seat to make his reply. He had allowed himself but a single night from eve to morn to prepare for a critical and crowning occasion. But his reply was gathered from the choicest arguments and the richest thoughts that had long floated through his brain while this crisis was gathering; and bringing these materials together in lucid and compact shape, he calmly composed and delivered before another crowded and breathless auditory a speech full of burning passages, which will live as long as the American Union, and the grandest effort of his life. Two leading ideas predominated in this reply, and with respect to either Hayne was not only answered but put to silence. First, New England was vindicated. As a pious son of Federalism, Webster went the full length of the required defense.

Some of his historical deductions may be questioned; but far above all possible error on the part of her leaders, stood colonial and Revolutionary New England, and the sturdy, intelligent, and thriving people whose loyalty to the Union had never failed, and whose home, should ill befall the nation, would yet prove liberty's last shelter. Next, the Union was held up to view in all its strength, symmetry, and integrity, reposing in the ark of the Constitution, no longer an experiment, as in the days when Hamilton and Jefferson contended for shaping its course, but ordained and established by and for the people, to secure the blessings of liberty to all posterity. It was not a Union to be torn up without bloodshed; for nerves and arteries were interwoven with its roots and tendrils, sustaining the lives and interests of twelve millions of inhabitants. No hanging over the abyss of disunion, no weighing of the chances, no doubting as to what the Constitution was worth, no placing of liberty before Union, but "liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable." This was the tenor of Webster's speech, and nobly did the country respond to it. . . .

Some of Webster's personal friends had felt nervous over what appeared to them too hasty a period for preparation. But his cool, unperturbed manner reassured them in an instant. He entered the Senate on that memorable day with slow and stately step, and took his seat as though unconscious of the loud buzz of expectant interest with which the crowded auditory greeted his appearance. He was drest with scrupulous care, in a blue coat with metal buttons, a buff vest rounding over his full abdomen, and his neck encircled with a white cravat. He rose, the image of conscious mastery, after the dull preliminary business of the day was dispatched, and with a happy figurative allusion to the tossed mariner, as he called for a reading of the resolution from which the debate had so far drifted, lifted his audience at once to his level. Then he began his speech, his words flowing on so completely at command that a fellow-senator who heard him has likened his elocution to the steady flow of molten gold. There was an end of all apprehension. Eloquence threw open the portals of eternal day. New England, the Union, the Constitution in its integrity, all were triumphantly vindicated; and the excited crowd which had packed the Senate chamber, filling every seat on the floor and in the galleries, and all the available standing room, dispersed after the orator's last grand apostrophe had died away on the air, with national pride throbbing at the heart.

Massachusetts men, gloomy and downcast of late, now walked the avenue as tho the fife and drum were before them. Hayne's few but zealous partizans shielded him still, and South Carolina spoke with pride of him. His speech was indeed a powerful one from its eloquence and personalities. But his standpoint was purely local and sectional. The people read Webster's speech and marked him for the champion henceforth against all assaults upon the Constitution. An undefinable dread now went abroad that men were planning against the peace of the nation, that the Union was in danger; and citizens looked more closely after its safety and welfare. Webster's speech aroused the latent spirit of patriotism. Even Benton, whose connection with the debate made him at first belittle these grand utterances, soon felt the danger and repudiated the company of the nullifiers. He remained through his long public career a Southern Unionist, and a good type of the growing class of statesman devoted to slave interests who loved the Union as it was and doted upon its compromises.

See also

• Nullification Crisis

References

• Sheidley, Harlow W. "The Webster-Hayne Debate: Recasting New England's Sectionalism" New England Quarterly 1994 67(1): 5-29. Issn: 0028-4866 Fulltext in Jstor