Jump to content

Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 3OpenEyes (talk | contribs) at 15:55, 12 April 2024 (small tone change). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Boston Healthcare for the Homeless Program
AbbreviationBHCHP
Formation1985; 39 years ago (1985)[1]
Founded atPine Street Inn
04-3160480
CEO
Dr. Stephanie Sullivan[1]
Chief Medical Officer
Dr. Denise De Las Nueces[1]
President
Dr. Jim O’Connell[1]
Award(s)American Academy of Physician Assistants’ Caring for Communities Award[2]
Websitehttps://www.bhchp.org/

Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, also known as Boston Healthcare for the Homeless, Healthcare for the Homeless, and BHCHP, is a health care network throughout Greater Boston that provides health care to homeless and formerly homeless individuals and families.

Origin

Funding

In 1984, the city of Boston received funding for a homeless healthcare pilot program, one of nineteen funded across the country by The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Pew Charitable Trust.[3]

In 1987, Congress passed the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, making BHCHP a federally qualified health center funded by the Health Resources and Services Administration’s Bureau of Primary Health Care.[4]

Founding providers

In 1985, seven individuals[who?] worked together to initiate a program of coordinated clinical services for homeless people. This group created health care centers based in homeless shelters and hospitals. They utilized a team of medical staff that worked in a rotation of multiple settings.[5]

Dr. Jim O'Connell is the founding physician and president of Boston Health Care for the Homeless.[6] He agreed to the role of founding physician as a temporary favor to the City of Boston, but stayed with BHCHP for over forty years.[7][8][9]

O'Connell was trained in patient engagement by Barbara McInnis, a nurse at the Pine Street Inn clinic. McInnis taught O'Connell how to build rapport with homeless patients by soaking their feet. Foot-soaking is still offered to homeless patients at the BHCHP clinic at St. Francis House, the largest day shelter in Massachusetts.[10][11][12][13]

Founding set-up

When BHCHP was founded, it was composed of multidisciplinary teams of physicians, caseworkers, and nurses. The teams worked in over forty shelters and outreach clinics, collaborating with Boston City Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, two major teaching facilities in the city.[14] Primary care clinics were held across these two facilities multiple days a week, with BHCHP staff visiting and supporting homeless patients in their treatment, discharge and follow-up.

Patients or clients served

BHCHP serves homeless communities in the Greater Boston area, providing services to nearly 10,000 individuals every year.[15] BHCHP now offers services at more than 80 sites throughout the Boston area, and is the “largest and most comprehensive” program of its type in the nation, including a patient-tracking system, shelter-based clinics, counselling, detox programs and HIV teams.[16] Many of BHCHP services are now housed in the Jean Yawkey Place complex, a $35 million renovation of the city’s old morgue repurposed in 2008.[16]

BHCHP estimates that 60% of their patients have a ‘major mental illness’,[17] most individuals served are accessing mental health and recovery services. Over 350 patients have been enrolled in BHCHP’s outpatient opioid use disorder treatment program while 178 incarcerated individuals with opioid use disorder have received BHCHP care.[18]

BHCHP is free at the point of service for individuals and families with an annual income at or below the most recent Federal Poverty Guidelines (FDG) threshold.[19] Beyond this threshold, a sliding fee discount program operates. In recognition of the difficulty for homeless populations in providing documentation, BHCHP work off a trust-based self-attestation of income where necessary. Their overall aim regarding coverage is to ensure ‘no patient shall be denied service due to inability to pay’.[19]

HIV/Aids response

BHCHP was founded amid the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with the virus rampant amongst Boston homeless populations.[20] BHCHP responded to the crisis by ramping up its partnerships with the major hospitals, conducting weekly sessions in the Boston City Hospital AIDS clinic, reinforcing resources for its drug treatment programs, providing pneumonia and influenza vaccinations throughout shelters and clinics, supporting AZT drug routines,[21] providing care in AIDS ‘health care stations’ across the city, giving out drugs against tuberculous and pneumonia[14] – which killed 10% of Boston’s homeless population between 1985 and 1989.[21]

Suffolk Downs Racetrack clinic

In 1992, Healthcare for the Homeless opened a medical clinic at the Suffolk Downs Thoroughbred racetrack to treat hundreds of uninsured backstretch workers who would otherwise be without medical care. The majority of patients at this clinic were traveling migrant workers who came from Spanish-speaking countries such as Guatemala, Mexico, and El Salvador. Providers at the clinic noted that due to a lack of health care, patients were known previously to medicate themselves with drugs meant for the horses. The presence of BHCHP helped workers on the track recover from addiction, especially from alcoholism.[22][23][16]

Electronic medical records systems

In 1996, BHCHP became the first homeless organization in the United States to implement a computerized electronic medical record (EMR) system, which was designed and built by the Laboratory of Computer Science at Massachusetts General Hospital.[24][25]

In 2019, the organization announced a partnership with Netsmart to implement a new electronic medical record specifically designed for tracking and coordinating addiction treatment.[26][27][28]

Mental health and behavioral health

In 1994, just under a decade after its founding, BHCHP began to offer behavioral health services to address a ‘growing, unmet need’.[29] In 2003, BHCHP’s street team integrated medical and behavioral health care by employing a clinical social worker and part time psychiatrist; by 2007, there was program-wide integration of behavioral health with primary care services.[29]

Supportive Place for Observation and Treatment (SPOT)

In 2016, Healthcare for the Homeless opened SPOT, a medical observation and stabilization space for intoxicated patients. SPOT was a response to the growing opioid epidemic, with overdose from fentanyl being the leading cause of death among BHCHP patients.[30] Within just two months of SPOT's opening, nurses logged 447 visits from 129 patients. Monitoring and communication established between providers and patients help providers better understand current street drugs and their impacts on people who use them. SPOT focuses on giving patients oxygen, rather than giving every person naloxone and potentially making them sick or damaging rapport. SPOT workers only give naloxone to patients if it's completely necessary to their survival. Patients have expressed appreciation for the space to move through their highs without fearing being hit by cars in the high-traffic neighborhood of Mass and Cass and for not having to hide their drug use in bathrooms and alleyways, which creates a high risk of fatal overdose.[31] Due to SPOT, the average number of over-sedated individuals observed in public significantly decreased by 28% in two years.[32][33][34]

Medical respite programs

BHCHP has demonstrated the effectiveness of the medical respite model for homeless people.[35] Respite centers allow people who are homeless to recuperate and heal in a safe, clean place after major hospital treatments, rather than discharging them to the streets. Respite centers within the organization have helped stabilize clients in a less traumatic environment than hospitals,[36] reduce readmissions and over-utilization of emergency rooms,[37] and improve overall health outcomes for homeless and formerly homeless individuals.[38]

Lemuel Shattuck Respite

In 1985, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, led by Dr. Jim O'Connell opened the first medical respite for homeless individuals in the United States at the Lemuel Shattuck Shelter, beginning with five beds and expanding to 25 beds.[39][40]

Barbara McInnis House

In 1993, Boston Healthcare for the Homeless program opened the Barbara McInnis House respite center, named in honor of Barbara McInnis, a veteran nurse and tuberculosis specialist who pioneered providing treatment for people living in shelters.[41][42] The facility helps over 2,200 patients a year stay off the street and out of congregate settings while they recover from acute illnesses and medical procedures. McInnis House also serves undocumented, terminally ill, homeless people with dignified end-of-life care.[43] In 2008, McInnis House expanded, moving from a former nursing home in Jamaica Plain to the Jean Yawkey Place clinic in the South End.[41][44]

Stacy Kirkpatrick House

In 2016, BHCHP opened the Stacy Kirkpatrick House, a 20-bed medical respite in the former location of Barbara McInnis House.[45] It was named in honor of Stacy Kirkpatrick, a BHCHP nurse of 16 years who died of ovarian cancer.[46] The building is also home to Francis Grady Apartments, 30 studio units for formerly homeless men and women, along with onsite case management and behavioral health services.[47]

Street outreach

Rationale

In 1985, Dr. Jim O'Connell recognized that the majority of deaths of homeless people were occurring among "rough sleepers", people who sleep outside rather than in shelters. At the time, there was a tuberculosis outbreak that could only be treated by a structured medical regimen, unrealistic to be adhered to by rough sleepers. These factors drove O’Connell and fellow medical workers at the Pine Street Inn and the former Boston City Hospital to practice street medicine, traveling to where clients resided outside to treat them.[48][49]

Early efforts and funding

In 1986, the Massachusetts government funded the first outreach van for homeless people in the state, dubbed "The Overnight Rescue Van" which street doctors would ride around Boston at night, checking up on people during the three coldest winter months. The doctors quickly determined that their approach was intrusive based on feedback from patients so they began using food, survival supplies, humor, and patience to build rapport with the community.[48] RN Barbara McInnis proposed that the workers on the van should keep track of deaths among rough sleepers to determine what seasons averaged the highest deaths. In that year, the staff documented 56 deaths among rough sleepers and found that they died an equal amount in all four seasons. McInnis and O'Connell reported this data to the Massachusetts State House, which led to the legislature's public health committee financing the van year-round.[49]

Women's clinics

Women who are homeless are at high risk for physical and sexual assault, addiction, and physical and mental illnesses. As a population, they have experienced more trauma than men who are homeless. They access fewer services due to being designated caregivers and societal expectations that they not prioritize themselves. BHCHP created women-only spaces to help women feel free away from men and have their needs met. BHCHP has women-only clinics at Woods Mullen Shelter Clinic, Pine Street Inn Women’s Clinic, Rosie’s Place, Women’s Lunch Place, and St. Anthony Shrine. They offer HER (Health, Empowerment, Resources) Saturdays at their headquarters, a women-only weekly health clinic that offers medical walk-in visits, case management, behavioral health assistance, movies, skincare, massages, crafts, and a place to relax and chat. Associate Medical Director, Melinda Thomas, says BHCHP is looking to expand these services, training staff around the specific needs of the population and creating more nighttime spaces for women to utilize.[50][51][52][53][54]

Transgender Clinic

In 2008, Healthcare for the Homeless began creating services designed to meet the needs of transgender people experiencing homelessness. During the COVID-19 pandemic, due to a sharp decrease in people coming in for services, a team of workers began doing street outreach. This allowed them to discover a group of transgender people staying outside and prompted BHCHP workers to apply for a grant to distribute gender affirming clothing and chest binders to the group. Such connections have led previously untreated transgender people to be able to access primary care. The Transgender Clinic has helped older transgender people transition and begin living authentically because it's the first time many have had access to transgender medical care. One in five transgender individuals have experienced homelessness at some point in their lives.[55][56][57][58][59]

Haiti earthquake response

In 2010, an earthquake in Haiti caused 300,000 people to become injured, and 1.5 million people to become homeless. In response, BHCHP staggered staffing of its Massachusetts facilities, so that 41 of its providers could go to Haiti to treat patients medically impacted by the earthquake.[60][61]

Outbreak of bacterial meningitis

In 2016, an outbreak of fatal bacterial meningitis occurred amongst the City of Boston's homeless population, especially in shelters. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) investigated the outbreak and found close contact over a series of hours to be a risk factor. Close contact is difficult to avoid in congregate settings, such as shelters. Healthcare for the Homeless responded to the crisis by vaccinating 2,400 people in two weeks and providing antibiotics to infected and high-risk patients. Healthcare for the Homeless in collaboration with the Boston Public Health Commission and the CDC implemented contact tracing and provided preventative antibiotics to people who had close contact with diagnosed patients for extended periods of time.[62][63][64][65]

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Our Mission and Work | BHCHP". Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. Retrieved 2023-07-13.
  2. ^ "Caring for Communities Award". PA Foundation. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  3. ^ Zlotnick, Cheryl; Zerger, Suzanne; Wolfe, Phyllis B. (2013). "Health Care for the Homeless: What We Have Learned in the Past 30 Years and What's Next". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (S2): S199–S205. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301586. PMC 3969140. PMID 24148056.
  4. ^ "Linking Housing and Health Care Works for Chronically Homeless Persons". United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2012. Archived from the original on 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  5. ^ "Telling the Story Part One: About Boston Health Care for the Homeless Project". St. Paul Catholic Collaborative. 14 March 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  6. ^ Tracy Kidder, Rough Sleepers: Dr Jim O’Connell’s Urgent Mission to Bring Healing to Homeless People (New York: Random House, 2023): 28
  7. ^ "This Boston doctor has cared for the homeless for 40 years. Here's what he's learned". WGBH. 2023-03-02. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  8. ^ "Jim O'Connell". Irish America. 2022-10-05. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  9. ^ "'Just give love': One man's tireless care for homeless people". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  10. ^ Kidder, Tracy (5 January 2023). "'You Have to Learn to Listen': How a Doctor Cares for Boston's Homeless". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10.
  11. ^ Gotbaum, Rachel. "Boston Foot-Care Clinic Treats Feet of the Homeless". NPR. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10.
  12. ^ "A time for charity: St. Francis House in Boston provides refuge, clothes and a path to stability". WGBH. 2021-12-20. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  13. ^ "Street Doctor". Harvard Magazine. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12.
  14. ^ a b O'Connell, James; Lebow, Joan (23 March 1992). "AIDS and the Homeless of Boston". New England Journal of Public Policy. 8 (1).
  15. ^ Lebovits, Susan Chaityn (29 July 2007). "PUTTING MEDICAL RELIEF ON TRACK; Doctor holds hours at Suffolk Downs". The Boston Globe. p. 8. ProQuest 405068224.
  16. ^ a b c Zezima, Katie (11 November 2008). "In Boston, House Calls for the Homeless". The New York Times. ProQuest 433976044.
  17. ^ "Mental Health Care". Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  18. ^ "Recovery Services". Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  19. ^ a b “Sliding Fee Discount Program and Fee Waiver Policy”, Boston Health care for the Homeless Program, accessed September 30, 2023, https://www.bhchp.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Sliding-Fee-Discount-Program-and-Fee-Waiver-Policy_0.pdf
  20. ^ Weissman, J S; Makadon, H J; Seage, G R; Massagli, M P; Gatsonis, C A; Craven, D E; Stone, V E; Bennett, I A; Epstein, A M (December 1994). "Changes in insurance status and access to care for persons with AIDS in the Boston Health Study". American Journal of Public Health. 84 (12): 1997–2000. doi:10.2105/AJPH.84.12.1997. PMC 1615398. PMID 7998646.
  21. ^ a b Rosenthal, Elisabeth (22 February 1990). "HEALTH; Health Care for the Homeless: Treating the Byproducts of Life on the Street". The New York Times. ProQuest 427527871.
  22. ^ "Putting medical relief on track". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  23. ^ "Aiding former backstretch workers, The Eighth Pole perseveres in New England | Topics: New England, Suffolk Downs, The Eighth Pole, Rockingham Park". Thoroughbred Racing Commentary. Archived from the original on 2023-05-30. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  24. ^ Blewett, D. R.; Barnett, G. O.; Chueh, H. C. (1999). "Experience with an electronic health record for a homeless population". Proceedings. AMIA Symposium: 481–485. PMC 2232624. PMID 10566405.
  25. ^ Angoff, Gerald H; O’Connell, James J; Gaeta, Jessie M; De Las Nueces, Denise; Lawrence, Michael; Nembang, Sanju; Baggett, Travis P (April 2019). "Electronic medical record implementation for a healthcare system caring for homeless people". JAMIA Open. 2 (1): 89–98. doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooy046. PMC 6951900. PMID 31984348.
  26. ^ "Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program Partners with Netsmart to Address the Opioid Crisis". Argentum. 8 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  27. ^ "Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program Partners with Netsmart to Address the Opioid Crisis". Business Wire. 2019-11-05. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  28. ^ "Boston organization to use new EHR to reduce opioid-related deaths". Health Data Management. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  29. ^ a b "Our History". Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  30. ^ "Supportive Place for Observation and Treatment (SPOT)". Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
  31. ^ "In A Safe Space, Medical Professionals Monitor What's Really Happening During A Drug High". WBUR. 15 June 2016. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  32. ^ León, Casey; Cardoso, Lena J.P.; Johnston, Salem; Mackin, Sarah; Bock, Barry; Gaeta, Jessie M. (March 2018). "Changes in public order after the opening of an overdose monitoring facility for people who inject drugs". International Journal of Drug Policy. 53: 90–95. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.12.009. PMID 29294417.
  33. ^ "Providing A Safe Space And Medical Monitoring To Prevent Overdose Deaths". Health Affairs Blog. 31 August 2016. doi:10.1377/forefront.20160831.056280.
  34. ^ Leung, Brandon (2020). Describing connections to substance use disorder treatment from a medical monitoring program servicing the homeless (Thesis). hdl:2144/41287.
  35. ^ Shetler, Dan; Shepard, Donald S. (2018). "Medical Respite for People Experiencing Homelessness: Financial Impacts with Alternative Levels of Medicaid Coverage". Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 29 (2): 801–813. doi:10.1353/hpu.2018.0059. PMID 29805141. S2CID 44069562. Project MUSE 694367.
  36. ^ Wood, Lisa (13 November 2018). "Hospital discharges to 'no fixed address' – here's a much better way". The Conversation. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  37. ^ "How respite care for homeless reduces readmissions". Athena Health. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  38. ^ Robinson, Tyler D.; Oliveira, Thiago M.; Timmes, Theresa R.; Mills, Jacqueline M.; Starr, Nichole; Fleming, Matthew; Janeway, Megan; Haddad, Diane; Sidhwa, Feroze; Macht, Ryan D.; Kauffman, Douglas F.; Dechert, Tracey A. (5 April 2017). "Socially Responsible Surgery: Building Recognition and Coalition". Frontiers in Surgery. 4: 11. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2017.00011. PMC 5380666. PMID 28424776.
  39. ^ McMurray-Avila, Marsha (1999). "Medical Respite Services for Homeless People: Practical Models" (PDF). National Health Care for the Homeless Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-07-10.
  40. ^ Stamatis, Renee (2019-03-27). "White Mass talk to focus on homeless". Diocese of Bridgeport. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  41. ^ a b Zagastizábal, Andy (2008-04-04). "McInnis House will move out". Jamaica Plain Gazette. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  42. ^ "The Birth of Consumer Advisory Boards at Health Care for the Homeless Programs: A Case Study from Boston" (PDF). National Healthcare for the Homeless Council. 2018.
  43. ^ "McInnis House Provides End-Of-Life Care For The Undocumented And Homeless". WBUR. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  44. ^ "Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program to dedicate new health care facility". Business Journals. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  45. ^ Marino, Maryann (May 2016). "Community Welcomes 30 Men and Women, No Longer Homeless". Jamaica Plain News. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  46. ^ Marquard, Bryan. "Stacy Kirkpatrick, 52; caregiver to the neediest". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  47. ^ "Jamaica Plain Apartments House 30 Formerly Homeless Men and Women". Jamaica Plain, MA Patch. 2016-05-02. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  48. ^ a b Dillon, Katie (22 November 2022). "What Is a Street Doctor?". HealthCity. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  49. ^ a b Kidder, Tracy (2023). Rough sleepers. New York: Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-9848-0143-2. OCLC 1312653408.
  50. ^ Guerrero, Mayra Parrilla (2020-08-25). "Caring for women experiencing homelessness during COVID-19". The Scope. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  51. ^ Raef, Haya S.; Bartenstein, Diana W.; Golbari, Nicole M.; Burns, Zoe; Tan, Jennifer K. (July 2022). "Healthy skin from within: A novel intervention for women experiencing homelessness". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 87 (1): 223–225. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2021.07.055. PMID 34364933. S2CID 236958578.
  52. ^ "About Face". Tufts University School of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  53. ^ "Boston Scenes 8-15-19: HER Saturday Clinic". The Bay State Banner. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  54. ^ Milaney, Katrina; Williams, Nicole; Lockerbie, Stacy Lee; Dutton, Daniel J.; Hyshka, Elaine (December 2020). "Recognizing and responding to women experiencing homelessness with gendered and trauma-informed care". BMC Public Health. 20 (1): 397. doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8353-1. PMC 7099814. PMID 32216770.
  55. ^ Seervai, Shanoor (2021). Meeting the Health Care Needs of Transgender People Without Housing. doi:10.26099/4mkn-kc85.
  56. ^ "Trans Scripts: Get Involved". American Repertory Theater. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  57. ^ Thornhill, Lee; Klein, Pamela (May 2010). "Creating Environments of Care With Transgender Communities". Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 21 (3): 230–239. doi:10.1016/j.jana.2009.11.007. PMID 20207173. S2CID 23637400.
  58. ^ Zunner, Brian P.; Grace, Pamela J. (December 2012). "The Ethical Nursing Care of Transgender Patients". American Journal of Nursing. 112 (12): 61–64. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000423514.58585.a3. PMID 23190676.
  59. ^ "Housing & Homelessness". National Center for Transgender Equality. 22 April 2021. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  60. ^ "UN marks anniversary of devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake". United Nations News. 2022-01-12. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  61. ^ Metzger, Andy. "Maintaining a connection to Haiti". Wicked Local. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
  62. ^ "CDC in Boston to investigate illness striking homeless". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  63. ^ "CDC investigates infection affecting Boston's homeless population". The Daily Free Press. 21 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  64. ^ Adams, Katie (2023-03-13). "How Providers Across the US Are Caring For the Country's 580,000+ Homeless People". MedCity News. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  65. ^ Freyer, Felice J. "Death of homeless man from bacterial infection sparks vaccination drive". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2023-07-10. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Health_Care_for_the_Homeless_Program&oldid=1218584418"