Manukau Heads
The Manukau Heads is the name given to the two promontories that form the entrance to the Manukau Harbour – one of the two harbours of Auckland in New Zealand. The southern head, at the northern tip of Āwhitu Peninsula, is simply termed "The South Head", whereas the northern head is named "Burnett Head" (the term North Head is used to indicate a promontory in the nearby Waitematā Harbour). Both heads are hilly areas of land that rise steeply from the water to over 240m within less than 400m of the shoreline.[citation needed]
History
In Pre-European times, the west coast of the Āwhitu Peninsula was the site of Paorae, a flat sand dune land which was a major kūmara (sweet potato) cultivation site for Tāmaki Māori iwi.[1] The land eroded during the 18th century, however the sand from the dune feature continued to move northwards, creating vast sand banks in the Manukau Heads and at Whatipu.[2] The foot of the South Head cliffs is the location of the Matatuahu archaeological site, one of the earliest archaeological sites in the Auckland Region.[3][4]
The pronounced sand bar across the harbour mouth has limited shipping into the harbour since large European vessels arrived in the area. This limitation (which ensured an effective maximum ship size of about 1,000 tons in pre-modern times), was no barrier to early success of shipping to local ports in the harbour – but eventually meant that the Waitematā Harbour overtook the Manukau Harbour in prominence as a port location.[5]
New Zealand's worst maritime disaster occurred just offshore in 1863 when HMS Orpheus ran aground on the Manukau Bar and sank with the loss of 189 lives.[6] The area remains dangerous for watercraft, with one death each in 2005 and 2010 when pleasure craft capsized or were swamped near the bar.[6]
The Manukau Harbour Bar was first crossed in a surf boat by a crew from Piha Surf Life Saving Club who rowed from Onehunga to Piha in over five hours in high swells and stiff winds in 1992. A crew from Piha had attempted this row in 1971 but was caught out by rising swells closing out the northern channel and after attempting to catch a "smaller" wave into the beach lost their boat when it was smashed on to the beach by a dumping wave.
Climate
| Climate data for Manukau Heads (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.5 (72.5) |
22.8 (73.0) |
21.5 (70.7) |
19.0 (66.2) |
16.4 (61.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
13.4 (56.1) |
14.0 (57.2) |
15.3 (59.5) |
16.6 (61.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 18.9 (66.0) |
19.2 (66.6) |
18.1 (64.6) |
16.0 (60.8) |
13.7 (56.7) |
11.7 (53.1) |
10.8 (51.4) |
11.2 (52.2) |
12.3 (54.1) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
14.8 (58.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
11.0 (51.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
8.1 (46.6) |
8.4 (47.1) |
9.3 (48.7) |
10.4 (50.7) |
11.7 (53.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 57.9 (2.28) |
80.7 (3.18) |
77.6 (3.06) |
84.6 (3.33) |
94.6 (3.72) |
125.8 (4.95) |
144.4 (5.69) |
106.3 (4.19) |
115.2 (4.54) |
73.1 (2.88) |
90.8 (3.57) |
86.3 (3.40) |
1,137.3 (44.79) |
| Source: NIWA[7] | |||||||||||||
References
- ^ Diamond, John T.; Hayward, Bruce W. (1979). The Māori history and legends of the Waitākere Ranges. The Lodestar Press. pp. 27–30. ISBN 9781877431210.
- ^ Hayward, Bruce (2009). "Land, Sea and Sky". In Macdonald, Finlay; Kerr, Ruth (eds.). West: The History of Waitakere. Random House. p. 21. ISBN 9781869790080.
- ^ "Auckland Conservancy Land Inventory – as at 1 June 1993" (PDF). Department of Conservation. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015.
- ^ Prickett, Nigel (1987). "The Brambley Collection of Maori Artefacts, Auckland Museum". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 24: 1–66. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906363. Wikidata Q58677276.
- ^ "Auckland: Soldiers of fortune". The New Zealand Herald. 26 August 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ a b Matt Nippert and Alice Neville (10 January 2010). "Man drowns in harbour". Herald on Sunday. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ "CliFlo – National Climate Database : Manukau Heads 2". NIWA. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
37°02′55″S 174°31′29″E / 37.0486695°S 174.5247746°E
