Pod prąd
Pod prąd |
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Andrzej Stawar (originally Edward Janus, 1900-1961)[1] was a Polish Marxist writer, journalist, editor, publisher, literary critic and translator.
In the 1920s he promoted Constructivism as a revolutionary artistic movement, the consciense of which "that the new art had to be revolutionary not only in form but also in all aspects regarding society" led it to decision "to produce objects of utilitarian value", and so, Mieczysław Szczuka was an example of a revolutionary artist for him.[2]
Between 1934 and 1936, he issued a weekly Marxist newspaper Pod Prąd (Upstream or Against the Current).[3][4][5][6][1][3][6] Like the Trotskyist, Stawar criticized Stalin as the representative of the ruling bureaucracy which betrayed the revolutionart values and reflected the values of the pre-revolutionary petit bourgeoisie. However, unlike Trotskyists, he was also critical of Lenin, accusing him of promoting bureaucratic centralism and turning Marxism into a dogmatic system, landing the foundations for Stalinism; in the nespaper, Stawar published his essays on such themes as Trotsky, the nature of Soviet bureaucracy and the difference between Bonapartism and Fascism.[3] He also published his studies in the liberal newspaper Wiadomości Literackie.[1] The other main figure in the Pod Prąd venture was Roman Jabłonowski.[7] The newspaper was sold openly in the 1930s under the Sanation regime and wasn't confiscated what was one of the reasons of Polish Communists believing the Anti-Stalinists to be traitors who aided the Polish government with anti-Soviet propaganda; they even suspected that the government "intentionally smuggled" the newspaper in "communist-filled prisons." Aleksander Wat despite agreeing with Stawar and helping it by reading over articles and making suggestions never contributed to it by writing any materials, as he regarded it as "aiding the enemies" of "homeland of the proletariat". Isaac Deutscher was never involved with the newspaper as it was critical not only of Stalin, but also of Trotsky, but in 1937 he joined the subsequent publication Current (Template:Lang-pl).[3]
Even though Pod Prad operated on the margins of the Communist Party, the publication had a profound influence over the intellectuals of the party.[4]
Shortly before death, Stawar published the book Final Letters (Template:Lang-pl) in émigré publishing house Kultura, in which he continued using the critical methodology of Marxism against the Soviet-type systems.[8]
References
- ^ a b c https://books.google.com/books?id=hLRwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133&lpg=PA133
- ^ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Constructivism_in_Central_Europe/mJlcEAAAQBAJ
- ^ a b c d Shore, Marci. Caviar and Ashes: A Warsaw Generations's Life and Death in Marxism, 1918-1968. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. pp. 110, 332
- ^ a b Congress for Cultural Freedom, Société d'études et de publications économiques, and Association des amis de Preuves. Preuves: cahiers mensuels du Congrès pour la liberté de la culture. Paris: Le Congrès, 1961. p. 64
- ^ KC PZPR. Nowe drogi. Warszawa: s.n.], 1988. p. 133
- ^ a b Stawar, Andrzej. Libres essais marxistes. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1963. p. 12
- ^ Shore, Marci. Caviar and Ashes: A Warsaw Generations's Life and Death in Marxism, 1918-1968. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. p. 400
- ^ https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Exile_and_Return_of_Writers_from_Eas/j2PmEIYMsHUC
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