Talk:Australopithecus

A 2001 discovery and -- let's just say much more -- contradicts many conclusions in this entry.

First, two critics about a portion of the first paragraph (copied in red below) -- one supporting the possibility of afarensis as an ancestor, and one against it:

“...since then, Hominid fossils have been found that are older than A. africanus, yet nevertheless seem to belong to the genus Homo. Thus, the genus Homo either split off from the genus Australopithecus at an earlier date (the latest common ancestor being A. afarensis or an even earlier form), or both developed from an as yet possibly unknown common ancestor independently. ... The fossil record seems to indicate that Australopithecus is the common ancestor...”

1. A recent discovery by those famous Leakey anthropologists shows that even afarensis had a non-Australopithecine competitor, so -- for the same reason that I agree with this Wikipedia entry when it says that we might not have descended from africanus, but from another, competing genus instead -- I think there's just as much reason that we should not state, with so much certainty as this author has, that afarensis is a "common ancestor" of ours. We can't be certain whether even afarensis is what we "developed from," especially given this 2001 discovery. This is why we still call these species the 'missing link(s)': We aren't certain; this part of our history is 'missing'. Also, since this other genus discovered in 2001 were contemporaries of afarensis, I also doubt that they "developed from" (to quote the red text) afarensis. And thus, this new genus brings up a very plausible scenario which the Wikipedia entry doesn't recognize the possibility of: that we descended from this other genus, Kenyanthropus, without them descending from any Australopithecines, which would contradict the two only scenarios which are recognized as possible in this "either...or" claim in red(that "genus Homo either split off from the genus Australopithecus at an earlier date...or...") ).

We can't even make an affirmative case that we descended from any Australopithecines: Basically, the claim of our ‘descent’ from afarensis was only a presumption to begin with: There wasn’t any actual evidence to merit this theory of descent from Australopithecines (or if there is evidence, I'd love to see it because I've been asking fruitlessly for years. ;-) ), but rather an assumption was made because (at the time, i.e. before 2001), "We know of no competitors to afarensis, nor species similar to us, like afarensis is, so we must have descended from them". Such presumptions are 'burden of proof' fallacies in the system of logic (i.e., A negative presumption, in logic, can never prove an affirmative conclusion, such as, "We did descend from...") : Or as we scientists would say, ‘Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence,’ as the 1972 and 2001 Leakey discoveries painfully pointed out because finally, that evidence was no longer absent, with 1972 as the demise of africanus being considered the only known (homonid) species of that era, and 2001 being the demise for our assumptions about afarensis being our only possible ancestor from their respective era -- and with scientists on both sides, ever since, arguing about which species was 'more human' in each era and thus more likely to be our ancestors, without either side really having incontrovertible evidence. And really, who's to say a third species of that era won't be discovered, which is more similar to us than these two? The only rational stance on this issue is agnosticism, and to simply admit that we don't posess enough knowledge to come to any hard-formed opinions. To assume things without affirmative evidence is simply bad science and bad logic (with science being called Logical Empiricism by philosophers for a reason ;-) ), which ironically seems to have been accepted by a large portion of my fellow ‘scientists’ until the 1972 and 2001 discoveries made them question their assumptions. Can we try parsing the word assumption, to bring some levity to this regarding us 'oh so smart' scientists: ass|u|me.

2. Note that I put emphasis on the word ‘either,’ in the above red text: There’s another, plausible option which has been ignored by the author of this Wikipedia entry (Is anyone starting to see his pattern? ;-) ): that afarensis did exist earlier than the genus Homo but we simply haven’t yet discovered fossils to prove it, just as we “didn’t yet discover” *any* fossils of Kenyanthropus until 2001... Just because we haven't discovered it, doesn't mean it didn't happen, as we found with Kenyanthropus and as the saying "Absence of evidence isn't evidence of absence" summarizes. We can’t ASSume whether or not we’ll find such fossils, and therefore we shouldn’t be falsely led into this ‘either/or’ false claim, nor that no possibilities exist besides those two simply because they were the only two which the author came up with as possibilities. This area of science, being so immature, still gives us very little evidence to back the claims of the Wikipedia author, especially given the certaintism with which some of these claims were stated; so of course I'm pleased that at some of the claims were stated with the appropriate amount of probabilism, but not certaintism, which is merited by the (lack of good) evidence.

And finally, a critique about this last bit:

“The existence of Australopithecus seems to have put firmly to rest the theory that human-like intelligence evolved first and bipedalism followed.”

3. Kenyanthropus platyops had a larger braincase than Australopithecus, and we can’t be sure whether these BOTH were evolutionary dead-ends because they might have competed with an even smarter species. We’re still discovering fossils, folks, and there might be a third, fourth, and so on as-yet-undiscovered species, one of which could have had human-like intelligence before any of these genera went bipedal, so no, the existence of Australopithecus proves nothing firmly; this is yet again non-sequitur logic from the author of this article.

Just a closing thought... History is like walking through fog: The further back we try to see, the harder it is to see much detail.

Oh, and if anyone wants to get more info on these two species of australopithecus and the newly-discovered species with whom they competed:

[1] "The brain shape is also more humanlike and he likely was capable of rudimentary speech. The picture shown is of skull 1470, the most complete habilis skull ever found, found by Richard Leakey's team at Koobi Fora. Incidently, the stone tools made by habilis were a dramatic departure from what earlier hominids were able to do." [2] "Kenyanthropus platyops [the 2001 discovery listed above] resembles skull 1470 found in the eastern Turkana basin in the 1970s. Called Homo rudolfensis by some researchers and a member of genus Australopithecus by others, the Nature article suggests researchers now must consider if it instead descended from Kenyanthropus." [3] In the 1970s, Bernard Ngeneo, a member of Richard Leakey's field crew working the fossil beds on the eastern shore of Lake Turkana, found a skull known from its catalogue number - KNM-ER 1470. This skull, "1470 man" for short, looks very modern, and is generally assigned to Homo rudolfensis, a very early member of our own genus. Kenyanthropus has a very similar, flattened face, but is almost twice as ancient as 1470. [4] "The line of descent promoted till not long ago was roughly Ramapitbecus (fossil ape), Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and finally ending up with Homo sapiens. In this sequence Australopithecus and Homo habilis were given rather humanlike characteristics, such as an apelike head or face on a modern looking human body. Paleoanthropological discoveries of the last 25 years have done much to undermine this fairly simple picture. Besides these, various other kinds of research on fossil hominids have disturbed the picture even more."

Please keep it scientific

I've had to change or delete several comments in the Australopithecus article, mainly because of inaccurate information or religious idealism set to demolish Australopithecus as completely not related to modern humans (vandalism). This article should only mention the theories and evidence, it is not an opinion article. For more information on how humans are closely related to apes (particularly Pan troglodytes) see Chimpanzee Genome Project --King of the Dancehall 01:29, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Unrelated content

Someone might do something about the "== ME AND BRITTANY ARE TIGHT LIKE A FAT KiD IN SPANDEX! ==" line above the image in the right hand column.

Human?

I doubt that it's a human. It's extinct monkey that related to simple chimpanzee, skull of Australopithecus is more closer to chimp than to human. If we'll see skulls of chimpanzee & human, you'll see big difference.

Such metamorphosis of bones can't be possible even in 10 billion years. I doubt that Austoralopithecus is hominid. It's much closer to chimpanzee. Conclusion: It is monkey.

This article must be fixed, Australopithecus is not a hominid. I don't believe in any evolution & I think that appearance of evolutionary materials in any article about animals & human is violating of Wikipedia's principle of neutrality. End

Of course you have scientific sources for all these assertions right?

File:Sts5f.jpg compare to chimpanzee

Maybe you can explain why the teeth look much more like a human's or why the Foramen magnum is toward the bottom of the skull in the Australopithecine and toward the back in the chimpanzee.

BTW chimpanzees are not monkeys (monkeys have tails.)

see the archive on Talk:Evolution for numerous responses to the NPOV claim. In short they all come down to NPOV#Undue weight.

see [5] and [6] if you have more questions. Nowimnthing 18:40, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

I see, I would disagree with you, I saw two skulls near each other & if they were 'fresh', you wouldn't mention any difference. However, I respect your point of view.

Chimps aren't monkeys? Oh sorry, I meant apes. In my language, Ape & Monkey is the same word.

What teeth? You see teeth on the skull? Maybe it's forged teeth? Maybe there are no teeth at all? Maybe some upper jaw was destroyed to look more human-like. I mean that everything can explain your 'teeth' question.

I can't upload pictures(I'm not registered)

but text is here:

from www.evolutiondeceit.com

Australopithecus : An Ape Species

The first category, the genus Australopithecus, means "southern ape", as we have said. It is assumed that these creatures first appeared in Africa about 4 million years ago, and lived until 1 million years ago. There are a number of different species among the astralopithecines. Evolutionists assume that the oldest Australopithecus species is A. Afarensis. After that comes A. Africanus, and then A. Robustus, which has relatively bigger bones. As for A. Boisei, some researchers accept it as a different species, and others as a sub-species of A. Robustus.

All of the Australopithecus species are extinct apes that resemble the apes of today. Their cranial capacities are the same or smaller than the chimpanzees of our day. There are projecting parts in their hands and feet which they used to climb trees, just like today's chimpanzees, and their feet are built for grasping to hold onto branches. They are short (maximum 130 cm. (51 in.)) and just like today's chimpanzees, male Australopithecus is larger than the female. Many other characteristics-such as the details in their skulls, the closeness of their eyes, their sharp molar teeth, their mandibular structure, their long arms, and their short legs-constitute evidence that these creatures were no different from today's ape.

However, evolutionists claim that, although australopithecines have the anatomy of apes, unlike apes, they walked upright like humans.

This claim that australopithecines walked upright is a view that has been held by paleoanthropologists such as Richard Leakey and Donald C. Johanson for decades. Yet many scientists who have carried out a great deal of research on the skeletal structures of australopithecines have proved the invalidity of that argument. Extensive research done on various Australopithecus specimens by two world-renowned anatomists from England and the USA, Lord Solly Zuckerman and Prof. Charles Oxnard, showed that these creatures did not walk upright in human manner. Having studied the bones of these fossils for a period of 15 years thanks to grants from the British government, Lord Zuckerman and his team of five specialists reached the conclusion that australopithecines were only an ordinary ape genus and were definitely not bipedal, although Zuckerman is an evolutionist himself.71 Correspondingly, Charles E. Oxnard, who is another evolutionist famous for his research on the subject, also likened the skeletal structure of Australopithecines to that of modern orang-utans.72

Briefly, Australopithecines have no link with humans and they are merely an extinct ape species.

71 Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications, 1970, pp. 75-94.

72 Charles E. Oxnard, "The Place of Australopithecines in Human Evolution: Grounds for Doubt", Nature, Vol 258, p. 389.

Evolution deceit by Harun Yahya, chapter 10.

P.S

Evolution is NOT a science, it is only a theory(STILL UNPROOVED THEORY!).

I understand that you won't like to do this, but please visit www.evolutiondeceit.com/chapter10.php & see pictures for yourself, if you want.

This is a place to discuss the article, not debate evolution, your sources are 36 year old debunked creationist hogwash, [7] and [8] have all your answers. Nowimnthing 04:41, 4 September 2006 (UTC)

I see, I'm not "creationist". But thist doesn't mean that I support evolution. That's all. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 88.204.190.170 (talk • contribs) .

One should register, but if one doesn't, one can should still use 4 tildes (~) to sign their comments. - UtherSRG (talk) 11:09, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Praeanthropus Senyuerek, 1955

Place Australopithecus afarensis, A. bahrelghazali, A. garhi, and A. anamensis in a new page, Praeanthropus. This is based on the new hominid family tree proposed by Cela-Conde & Ayala (2003), which shows that Orrorin is more related to Praeanthropus than to any other hominid genera. Praeanthropus africanus (Weinert, 1950) (P. afarensis [Johnason et. al., 1978] is a synonym) is the type species of Praeanthropus. Praeanthropus and Orrorin are placed in their own subfamily, Praeanthropinae Cela-Conde & Altaba, 2002. Strait & Grine (2004) suggest that Australopithecus is paraphyletic, based on a cladistic analysis.

Cela-Conde, C. J., & Altaba, C. R. 2002. Multiplying genera versus moving species: a new taxonomic proposal for the family Hominidae. South African Journal of Science 98: 229-232.

Cela-Conde, C. J., & F. J. Ayala. 2003. Genera of the human lineage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100 (13): 7684-7689.

Strait DS, Grine FE. (2004). Inferring hominoid and early hominid phylogeny using craniodental characters: the role of fossil taxa. J Hum Evol 47(6):399-452. 72.194.116.63 01:27, 17 April 2007 (UTC) Vahe Demirjian 18.26 16 April 2007