VESA BIOS Extensions
VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE) comprise a VESA standard, currently at version 3, that defines the interface that can be used by software to access compliant video boards at high resolutions and bit depths. This is opposed to the "traditional" int 10h BIOS calls, which are limited to resolutions of 640×480 pixels with 16 color (4-bit) depth or less.
VBE is made available through the video adapter's BIOS, which installs interrupt vectors pointing at itself during system startup. Unfortunately, the older versions of VBE (those bundled with older video cards) supported only a real mode interface, which could not be used without a significant performance penalty from within protected mode operating systems, such as Windows 95 or Linux. This meant that the VBE standard was almost never used for writing video-drivers, and each video board vendor had to invent a proprietary protocol for communicating with their own boards. Despite this, many existing drivers for these video cards still thunk out to the real mode interrupt to initialize screen modes and gain direct access to a card's linear frame buffer, tasks which would otherwise require many hundreds of port writes which change from card to card. Most newer cards support the more capable VBE 3.0 standard.
Standards
VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE Core) 2.0 [Nov. 1994]
This standard provides the primary functionality of the VESA BIOS Extensions. It allows applications to determine the capabilities of the graphics card and provides the ability to set the display modes that are found. VBE 2.0 adds some new features above the prior VBE 1.2 standard including linear framebuffer access and protected mode banking. Some of the VBE Core 2.0 features include:
- Linear Framebuffer Access. Enables direct framebuffer access in protected mode as one large area of memory instead of less efficient smaller chunks.
- Protected Mode Banking. Allows access to the framebuffer from protected mode without “thunking” down to real mode.
- Super VGA page flipping. Allows higher performance animation to provide for smooth animation for computer games and other high performance graphics programs.
- Super VGA virtual screens. Allows software to set up virtual display resolutions, larger than the actual displayed resolution, and smoothly scroll or pan around the larger image.
- High Color and TrueColor Modes. Industry standard 16-bit and 24-bit graphics modes for resolutions from 320x200 right up to 1600x1200.
VESA BIOS Extensions (VBE Core) 3.0 [Sep. 1998]
A superset of the VBE 2.0 standard. This standard adds refresh rate control, support for stereo glasses, improved multi-buffering support and other functions to the VBE 2.0 standard.
- Triple Buffering. Allows high speed applications to perform multi-buffering with less screen flickering and without having to wait for the graphics controller.
- Refresh Rate Control using GTF timings. This allows applications and operating system utilities to change the refresh rate in a standard way on all VBE 3.0 graphics controllers. Important for stereo applications, since when stereo is enabled, the user’s effective refresh rate is cut in half.
- Stereo Page Flipping. When viewing an application using stereo hardware, software needs to page flip twice as often as normal, because it needs to generate separate images for each eye. This new feature allows stereo compatible software to display properly.
- Hardware Stereo Sync. Allows stereo software to determine if there is a connector for stereo glasses on the user’s graphics card.
VBE/Accelerator Functions (VBE/AF) [Aug. 1996]
VBE/AF provides a low-level, standard interface to common acceleration functions available on most hardware. Some of the functions supported in the standard are access to hardware cursors, Bit Block Transfers (Bit Blt) , off screen sprites, hardware panning, drawing and other functions.
Supplemental specifications
Supplemental specifications provides device independent interface between application software and Super VGA hardware. Function numbers are assigned by VESA Software Standards Committee (SSC).
Power Management Extensions (PM)
DPMS is a hardware standard that allows graphics cards to communicate with DPMS-compliant monitors via a special signaling system that can be used with existing graphics controllers and monitor cables. This signaling system allows the graphics card to tell the monitor to go into a number of different power management or power saving states, which effectively allow the monitor to turn itself off when it is not in use.
Flat Panel Interface Extensions (FP)
Allows access to special features in flat panel controllers.
Audio Interface Extensions (AI)
Provides standard to audio services.
Currently (version 1.00), the VBE/AI specification defines three device classes: WAVE, MIDI, and VOLUME. Devices not supported:
- CDROM control, which is covered by the Microsoft CDROM Extensions.
- Effects Processors. This class of device will be expanded in future version of the VBE/AI specification.
OEM Extensions
Provides standard entry to vendor specific extensions.
Display Data Channel (DDC)
The Display Data Channel or DDC is a digital connection between a computer display and a graphics adapter that allows the display to communicate its specifications to the adapter. The standard was created by VESA.
Serial Control Interface (SCI)
Provides hardware independent means for operating system and application to read and write data over I²C serial control interface.
VBE mode numbers
Although mode number is a 16-bit value, the optional VBE mode numbers are 14 bits wide. Bit 7 is used by VGA BIOS as a flag to clear or preserve display memory. VBE defined mode numbers as follows:
| Bit | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 0-8 | Mode numbers. If bit 8 is 1, it is a VESA defined VBE mode. |
| 9-12 | Reserved for expansion. Must be set to 0. |
| 11 | Refresh rate control Select. If set to 1, use user specified CRTC values for refresh rate, otherwise use BIOS default refresh rate. |
| 12-13 | Reserved for VBE/AF. Must be set to 0. |
| 14 | Linear/Flat Frame Buffer Select. If set to 1, use linear frame buffer, otherwise use banked frame buffer. |
| 15 | Preserve Display Memory Select. If set to 1, preserve display memory, otherwise clear display memory. |
Starting in VBE/Core 2.0, VESA no longer defines new VESA mode numbers and no longer require support of existing numbers. To properly detect information of a screen mode, use Function 01h - Return VBE Mode Information.
Mode 81FFh is a special video mode designed to preserve current memory contents and give access to the entire video memory.
Modes defined by VESA
| Graphics modes | 320x200 | 640x400 | 640x480 | 800x600 | 1024x768 | 1280x1024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 color palette | 258 (0102h), 106 (6Ah) | 260 (0104h) | 262 (0106h) | |||
| 256 color palette | 256 (0100h) | 257 (0101h) | 259 (0103h) | 261 (0105h) | 263 (0107h) | |
| 15-bit (5:5:5) | 269 (010Dh) | 272 (0110h) | 275 (0113h) | 278 (0116h) | 281 (0119h) | |
| 16-bit (5:6:5) | 270 (010Eh) | 273 (0111h) | 276 (0114h) | 279 (0117h) | 282 (011Ah) | |
| 24-bit (8:8:8) | 271 (010Fh) | 274 (0112h) | 277 (0115h) | 280 (0118h) | 283 (011Bh) |
| Text modes | Columns | |
|---|---|---|
| Rows | 80 | 132 |
| 25 | 109h | |
| 43 | 10Ah | |
| 50 | 10Bh | |
| 60 | 108h | 10Ch |
Other commonly available modes
Starting from VBE 2.0 standard, there will be no new mode added. And old modes are no longer mandatory. The modes below other than the one in the previous table are commonly used, but may not work on all graphic card as no standard define them at all.
| 320x200 | 640x400 | 640x480 | 800x500 | 800x600 | 896x672 | 1024x640 | 1024x768 | 1152x720 | 1280x1024 | 1440x900 | 1600x1200 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 color palette | [1] | [1] | 258 (0102h) | 260 (0104h) | 262 (0106h) | |||||||
| 256 color palette | [1] | 256 (0100h) | 257 (0101h) | 367 (016Fh) | 259 (0103h) | 303 (012Fh) | 362 (016Ah) | 261 (0105h) | 357 (0165h) | 263 (0107h) | 352 (0160h) | 284 (011Ch) |
| 15-bit (5:5:5) | 269 (010Dh) | 289 (0121h) | 272 (0110h) | 368 (0170h) | 275 (0113h) | 304 (0130h) | 363 (016Bh) | 278 (0116h) | 358 (0166h) | 281 (0119h) | 353 (0161h) | 285 (011Dh) |
| 16-bit (5:6:5) | 270 (010Eh) | 290 (0122h) | 273 (0111h) | 369 (0171h) | 276 (0114h) | 305 (0131h) | 364 (016Ch) | 279 (0117h) | 359 (0167h) | 282 (011Ah) | 354 (0162h) | 286 (011Eh) |
| 24-bit (8:8:8) | 271 (010Fh) | 291 (0123h) | 274 (0112h) | 370 (0172h) | 277 (0115h) | 306 (0142h) | 365 (016Dh) | 280 (0118h) | 360 (0168h) | 283 (011Bh) | 355 (0163h) | 287 (011Fh) |
| 32-bit (8:8:8) | 292 (0124h) | 297 (0129h) | 371 (0173h) | 302 (012Eh) | 307 (0133h) | 366 (016Eh) | 312 (0138h) | 361 (0169h) | 317 (013Dh) | 356 (0164h) | 322 (0142h) |
352 (0160h) also appears to select 1280x800 (8-bit) for various laptops' displays. vga=834 (0342h) is 1400x1050
Modes 264-268 are text modes. 264 (0108h) is 80 columns x 60 rows (80x60), 265 (0109h) is 132x25, 266 (010Ah) is 132x43, 267 (010Bh) is 132x50 and 268 (010Ch) is 132x60.
Linux video mode numbers
The Linux kernel allows user configuration of VESA modes at boot time using the 'vga' kernel parameter. This parameter does not directly accept VESA video mode numbers; instead, a Linux video mode number must be calculated using the VESA number.
To calculate the Linux video mode number add 512. The resulting decimal value can be passed to the kernel in the form 'vga=XXX', where XXX is the value.
| 320×200 | 640×400 | 640×480 | 800×500 | 800×600 | 896×672 | 1024×640 | 1024×768 | 1152×720 | 1280×1024 | 1440×900 | 1600×1200 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 color palette | 770 | 772 | 774 | |||||||||
| 256 color palette | 768 | 769 | 879 | 771 | 815 | 874 | 773 | 869 | 775 | 864 | 796 | |
| 15-bit (5:5:5) | 781 | 801 | 784 | 880 | 787 | 816 | 875 | 790 | 870 | 793 | 865 | 797 |
| 16-bit (5:6:5) | 782 | 802 | 785 | 881 | 788 | 817 | 876 | 791 | 871 | 794 | 866 | 798 |
| 24-bit (8:8:8) | 783 | 803 | 786 | 882 | 789 | 818 | 877 | 792 | 872 | 795 | 867 | 799 |
| 32-bit (8:8:8)1 | 804 | 809 | 883 | 814 | 819 | 878 | 824 | 873 | 829 | 868 | 834 |
1: 32-bit is really (8:8:8:8), but the final 8-bit number is an "empty" alpha channel. It is otherwise equal to 24-bit color.
Notes
352 (0160h) also appears to select 1280x800 (8-bit) for various laptops' displays. vga=834 (0342h) is 1400x1050
Modes 264-268 are text modes. 264 (0108h) is 80 columns x 60 rows (80x60), 265 (0109h) is 132x25, 266 (010Ah) is 132x43, 267 (010Bh) is 132x50 and 268 (010Ch) is 132x60.
Modes available in Parallels
The VESA BIOS emulation in the Parallels emulator has a different set of non-standard VESA modes. As of build 3214, vbetest reveals these modes:
| 640×400 | 640×480 | 720×480 | 800×500 | 800×600 | 896×672 | 1024×640 | 1024×768 | 1152×720 | 1280×1024 | 1440×900 | 1600×1200 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 256 color palette | 256 (0100h) | 257 (0101h) | 367 (016Fh) | 364 (016Ch) | 259 (0103h) | 297 (0129h) | 358 (0166h) | 261 (0105h) | 355 (0163h) | 263 (0107h) | 352 (0160h) | 284 (011Ch) |
| 15-bit (5:5:5) | 272 (0110h) | 275 (0113h) | 278 (0116h) | 281 (0119h) | 285 (011Dh) | |||||||
| 16-bit (5:6:5) | 289 (0121h) | 273 (0111h) | 368 (0170h) | 365 (016Dh) | 276 (0114h) | 298 (012Ah) | 359 (0167h) | 279 (0117h) | 356 (0164h) | 282 (011Ah) | 353 (0161h) | 286 (011Eh) |
| 24-bit (8:8:8) | 290 (0122h) | 274 (0112h) | 369 (0171h) | 366 (016Eh) | 277 (0115h) | 299 (012Bh) | 360 (0168h) | 280 (0118h) | 357 (0165h) | 283 (011Bh) | 354 (0162h) | 287 (011Fh) |
References
External links
- Dr. Dobb's Examining the VESA VBE 2.0 Specification
- Scitech Software Creators of the useful UniVBE and Scitech Display Doctor VESA VBE enhancement software. Made freely available in recent years.
- SuperVGA/VESA programmer's notes
- List of VESA VBE 2.0/3.0 supporting chipsets
- Capture VBE mode info vbspy source package
- How to use vbspy source package
- VESA BIOS Extension Serial Control Interface Standard
- VESA BIOS Extension/Accelerator Functions (VBE/AF)