Khamag Mongol
Khamag Mongol was a predecessor state[1] (or tribal confederation) of Mongol Empire on the Mongolian plateau.[2] It literally means "All/Whole Mongol."
After the fall of Khidan's regime in North China in 1125, the Khamag Mongols began to play important role in the Mongolian plains.[3] When the Mongols under Qabul Khan and his successor Qutula Khan became more powerful, the rulers of the Jin Dynasty encouraged Tatars to clash with them in order to keep them weak.
With the continuing wars with the Tatars, the power of the Mongols declined. When a Mongol Khan tried to stop the conflict with the Tatars, having his daughter married to a son of Tatar chieftain, they captured and sent him to the Jin Dynasty where he was toppled to death. This trait increased the anger of the Mongols. Utilising the conflict between the Tatars and other northern nomads, the Jin Dynasty secured its northern and western borders.
When young Toghoril asked help from Yesugei, the ruler of the Khamag Mongol[4], to dethrone his brothers of the Kerait, the Mongols helped him defeat the Kerait leaders and put him on the throne in early 12th c.
However, the Mongol confederation began to disintegrate after Yesugei's death in 1171. Political anarchy and vacuum of power had lasted until 1189 when Temujin became the Khagan of the Mongols, assuming the title Genghis.[5] The war broke out between the latter and other Turco-Mongol tribes soon. Genghis Khan's friend Jamukha was recognized by the rival tribes as Guru-Khan (the universal ruler) in 1201 but he was defeated by the alliance of Genghis Khan and the Keraits.
When Wang Khan refused to cement the alliance with the Mongols, Genghis Khan's wars with the Mongol clans and Turkic tribes nearly destroyed him. Genghis Khan could unite all tribes on the Mongolian plateau at last in 1206.
Notes
- ^ Bat-Ocher Bold (2001), Mongolian nomadic society: a reconstruction of the "medieval" history of Mongolia, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, p. 176, ISBN 0700711589
- ^ History of the Mongolian People's Republic By Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR, p.99
- ^ Histoire de la Mongolie By László Lőrincz, p.43
- ^ He never assumed the title the Khan of the Khamag Mongol but baghatur (meaning hero)
- ^ Mia︢g︡marsambuu, G. (2000), Khamag Mongolyn khaad / Takhilt ovgiĭn Galindėviĭn Mia︢g︡marsambuu; ėrkhlėn niĭtlėgch Sharnuud Nia︢m︡zhavyn Dugarsu̇rėn., Mongolyn 100 khaan, naĭman bogd" 108 bot ́ ts︢u︡vral = "Mongġol-un 100 qaġan, naiman bogda" cubural, Ulaanbaatar: Khaadyn San, pp. ????, ISBN 9992901101
References
- Akademiiya nauk SSSR - History of the Mongolian People's Republic, Nauka Pub. House, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature, 1973
- Bat-Ochir Bold - Mongolian Nomadic Society, St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 0312228279
- The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1974: Macropaedia Me-Ne ISBN 0852292902
- László Lőrincz - Histoire de la Mongolie, Akadémiai Kiadó,the University of Michigan, 1984. ISBN 9630533812