Sarcasm
Sarcasm is a form of ironic speech or writing which is bitter or cutting, being intended to taunt its target.[1] It is first recorded in English in The Shepheardes Calender in 1579:
Tom piper) An Ironicall [Sarcasmus], spoken in derision of these rude wits, whych make more account of a ryming rybaud, then of skill grounded vpon learning and iudgment.
It comes from the ancient Greek σαρκάζω (sarkazo) meaning 'to tear flesh' but the ancient Greek word for the rhetorical concept of taunting was instead χλευασμός (chleyasmόs). Sarcasm appears several times in the Old Testament, for example:
Lo, you see the man is mad; why then have you brought him to me? Do I lack madmen, that you have brought this fellow to play the madman in my presence?
— Achish, king of Gath, I Sam 21:10-15[2]
Hostile, critical comments may be expressed in an ironic way such as saying "don't work too hard" to a lazy worker. The use of irony introduces an element of humour which may make the criticism seem more polite and less aggressive but understanding the subtlety of this usage requires second-order interpretation of the speaker's intentions. This sophisticated understanding is lacking in people with brain damage, dementia, autism[3] and this perception has been located by MRI in the right parahippocampal gyrus.[4] [5]
In certain Ethiopic languages, sarcasm is indicated with a sarcasm mark, a character that looks like a backwards question mark at the end of a sentence, similar to Alcanter de Brahm's proposed irony mark (؟). Subtitles, such as in Teletext, sometimes use an exclamation mark in brackets to mark sarcasm: (!).
References
- ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2008,
A sharp, bitter, or cutting expression or remark; a bitter gibe or taunt.
- ^ Leland Ryken, Jim Wilhoit, James C. Wilhoit, Tremper Longman, Colin Duriez, Douglas Penney, Daniel G. Reid (1998), Dictionary of Biblical Imagery, p. 409, ISBN 9780830814510
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ S. G. Shamay-Tsoory, R. Tomer, J. Aharon-Peretz (2005), "The Neuroanatomical Basis of Understanding Sarcasm and Its Relationship to Social Cognition" (PDF), Neuropsychology: 288–300, doi:10.1037/0894-4105.19.3.288
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|Number=ignored (|number=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|Volume=ignored (|volume=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Dan Hurley (June 3, 2008), The Science of Sarcasm (Not That You Care), New York Times
- ^ J.W.Slap (1966), "On Sarcasm", The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 35: 98–107
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the type of girl who attends an episcopalian high school and thinks about sex all day as well as the guys she'd hook up with in the bathroom and is constantly horny Grace would totally hook up with that guy in the bathroom. ==